Disease Conditions
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ABSCESS
It is a localized pyogenic infection (pus formation).It can develop in any region -externally (skin) or internally (in any organ).
CAUSES:
Injury
Foreign bodies (splinters, bullets, sutures)
Ischemia (lack of blood supply) -infarction, gangrene
Hematoma formation
Obstruction of normal drainage (sweat glands, biliary tracts, bronchial tree, urinary tract)
Accumulation of fluid (cardiac edema, lymphatic obstruction)
After intramuscular injections
In some systemic illnesses (tuberculosis)
SYMPTOMS:
Redness, tenderness, heat and swelling
Reddish streaks extending proximally
Enlargement and tenderness of regional lymph nodes
Fever, malaise
Tiredness and weakness
DO’S AND DON’TS:
For external abscess
Application of heat relieves pain and often alleviates the redness and swelling .It also prevents pus formation (suppuration).
If pus formation has already taken place, hot application helps to localize the process and accumulation of pus i.e. it prevents the pus from spreading.
Elevation of the affected part reduces the swelling and relieves the pain.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
-Incision and drainage of an abscess by a surgeon may be necessary at times if it is too large, if it does not respond to the normal line of treatment or if it is close to any important organ structure (bone) etc.
-To get proper treatment especially in case of abscesses which develop in internal organs
ACIDITY OR HEARTBURN
Acidity is a general term which usually refers to regurgitation of acid or partly digested food from the stomach into the food pipe (Oesophagus) or mouth.
The sourness is due to fermentation of food in the stomach or over secretion of acid.
Heartburn describes a burning sensation behind the breast bone or sternum.
CAUSES:
Stress
Overeating
Obesity
Alcohol
Cigarette smoking
Irregular eating habits
Certain drugs like aspirin, antibiotics, etc.
Bending, lying down or physical exertion too soon after eating. Certain food like tomatoes, citrus fruits, onion, coffee, tea, spicy & fried food can also cause acidity.
SYMPTOMS:
Burning in the chest after eating.
Sour eructations. Belching.
A feeling that food is getting stuck after swallowing.
DOS & DONT’S:
Recognize signs of stress and identify the causes. At work reduce stress by learning to avoid long hours, not accepting unrealistic demands, setting realistic goals, accepting changes optimistically and not taking work related problems home. At home air your grievances, share your problems and regular weekend breaks with the family.
Take time to relax allowing about 20 minutes of leisure before and after eating and make meals enjoyable, unstressful occasions. Eat slowly, chew each mouthful well.
Eat meals at regular timings. Eat frequently but in small quantities. Do not overeat.
Avoid drinking immediately before meals and drink sparingly during meals.
Do not lie down immediately after meals. Eat less spicy, avoid fatty, fried food and those that contain possible irritants such as chemical food additives or hot spices. Avoid alcohol, reduce the amount of coffee and tea and avoid them entirely during an attack.
Don’t smoke. It will irritate the stomach lining.
Drink cold milk at the time of heartburn.
Avoid painkillers or medicine which cause acidity. Hot compresses over the stomach are said to improve the blood supply in the area and relax the muscles.
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
If discomfort around the chest region is aggravated by exercise and better by rest.
If with heartburn you have difficulty in swallowing, breathlessness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain or black or bloody stools.
If the heartburn occurs daily.
ACNE
It is an inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands (the oil-secreting glands) and the hair follicles. It is characterised by whiteheads, blackheads and pustules. Scarring is common and is usually associated with an oily discharge.
CAUSE:
The cause is not fully understood, but the probable causes can be:
Heredity
Hormonal imbalance esp. during puberty
Hygiene
Improper diet
Stress
Drugs like corticosteroids
DOS & DONT’S:
Wash your face frequently, atleast 5 times a day, taking care that it does not become too dry.
Do not scrub your face while washing because scrubbing on inflamed skin aggravates the acne.
Use a gentle cleanser made of natural ingredients or herbs rather than chemical preparations.
Do not use scented soaps and use a mild anti-bacterial soap if possible.
Try not to apply cosmetics regularly or use non-greasy light make-up of repute.
Do not sleep with your make-up on.
Do not overexpose your skin to the sun. Preferably wear a hat while going out.
Do not break your pimples else it will lead to secondary infection.
You can use facial steam to reduce inflammation and infection but never more than 15 minutes and not more than once a fortnight.
Diet should be rich in natural whole foods like whole grain cereals, fresh fruit salads and vegetables raw or lightly cooked. Avoid fatty food, chocolate, ice cream, butter, cakes, white bread, sweets and fried food.
Supplements of vitamin A and Zinc may be used.
Regular exercise will make your circulation better.
SEE A DOCTOR IF:
Your acne does not respond in 2-3 months following the advice listed above.
If your acne is infected and there is pus like discharge.
If you are not sure if it is acne or any other skin eruption.
ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
Acute renal failure is a clinical syndrome in which there is rapid reduction of the excretory functions of the kidney. It is often reversible.
CAUSES:
- Reduced circulating blood volume [e.g. in hemorrhage, dehydration and severe decrease in the protein quantity in the blood]
– Cardiac failure
– In shock due to septicemia or anaphylaxis
– Thrombosis / embolism in renal arteries or aortic dissection
-Accelerated hypertension
-Toxins formed by bacteria growing in a local site of infection causing blood poisoning during pregnancy
-Disseminated intravascular coagulation
– Glomerulonephritis.
– Certain drugs which are toxic to the kidneys e.g. aminoglycosides, lithium etc
– Mismatched blood transfusion.
– Virulent malaria
– Blockage to one ureter when the other kidney is absent or non-functioning, usually due to calculi.
– Blockage of the urinary bladder neck, urethral stricture
SYMPTOMS:
[1] Scanty Urination [2] Symptoms of acidosis (a condition in which the acidity of body fluids and tissues is abnormally high): Vomiting
: Increased rate of breathing
: Mental impairment
: Lack of appetite
: Nausea and vomiting
: Gastrointestinal bleeding
: Anemia
: Lethargy
: Confusion and stupor
DO’S AND DON’TS:
- Fluid intake should be restricted [5 to 10ml/kg body wt/day]
– Measure the urine output
– Regulate the salt intake
– Restrict protein intake
– Avoid consumption of fruits and vegetables rich in potassium
– Avoid high caloric intake
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
As early as possible as correct and timely treatment can reverse the changes and prevent any further kidney damage
Diet and water intake has to be under strict medical guidance
ADDISON’S DISEASE
Addison’s disease is primarily an adrenocortical insufficiency where there is a lack of adrenal production of glucocorticoids or mineralocorticoids. It results from progressive destruction of the adrenal cortex.
CAUSES:
Tuberculosis
Autoimmune
Radiation therapy
Fungal infection
Congenital enzyme defects
SYMPTOMS:
Slow progressive fatigue and weakness
Anorexia- Lack of appetite
Ill-defined abdominal pain
Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhea
Weight loss
Dizziness
Tanning of skin from exposure to sun
Pigmentation and change in the color of the skin. There is a diffuse brown or bronze color darkening of the exposed and unexposed parts such as elbows and creases of hand and of areas normally pigmented such as the areolas about the nipples
Bluish blackish patches may appear on the mucous membranes
Dark freckles and occasionally white patches (vitiligo) may appear
Decrease in axillary and pubic hair in women
Hypotension
Hypoglycemia
Impotency
Craving for salt
Cramps, which are relieved by taking salt
Amenorrhea
In severe cases there is a continuous fatigue, which necessitates bed rest
Irritability
Restlessness
Depression
Increased sense of taste, smell and hearing
CONSULT DOCTOR:
When there is too much debility and intravenous fluids are to be administered promptly.
ADENOIDS
In the back of the nose there is a small pad of tissue, whose job is to keep out infection. When this tissue deals with repeated infections, it can become chronically enlarged causing a condition called adenoids. They seldom occur after puberty.
CAUSES:
Allergy
Repeated infection.
SYMPTOMS:
Headache.
Fever.
Mouth Breathing
Nose block
Snoring
Nasal voice.
Discharge from nose with cough.
Recurrent ear infections.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Strengthen your general resistance to infection by a diet rich in Vitamin C, green vegetables, fruits potatoes, tomatoes etc. Avoid Allergens.
Avoid cold food & drink.
Avoid preserved & artificially flavoured foods.
Treat infections before they develop complications.
Avoid crowded places.
During active infection – rest
Steam inhalation will give temporary relief, as will warm water gargles.
Hot soups, hot milk can be taken
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
If you child has intervals of not breathing many times each
night
Ear infection.
Chronic noseblock.
Hearing loss.
ALOPAECIA OR HAIRLOSS
On an average hair grows about 13 mm a month. They grow more at night than day and faster in summer than winter. Healthy adults normally shed between 50-100 hairs each day.
CAUSES:
Hereditary
Severe illness
High fever
Nutritional deficiencies.
Scalp infections
Stress
Certain drugs like cytotoxic anti-cancer drugs and strong anti-biotics Hormonal changes esp. during pregnancy and also after leaving the contraceptive pill.
Certain chemicals, like those used to purify swimming pools.
Wear and tear of over-grooming.
Bleaching. Repeated bleaching with hydrogen peroxide can cause split ends Perming and dyeing. Temporary dyes are not as harmful as permanent dyes which can damage the hair shaft.
SYMPTOMS:
Sudden or gradual change in any of the 4 factors : Density, texture, pattern and colour.
Broken hair or split ends.
DO’S AND DONT’S:
Recognize signs of stress and identify the causes. At work reduce stress by learning to avoid long hours, not accepting unrealistic demands, setting realistic goals, accepting changes optimistically and not taking work related problems home. At home air your grievances, share your problems and regular weekend breaks with the family.
Your diet should be balanced in vitamins, minerals and proteins.
Avoid using dyes, bleaching and perming hair.
Avoid washing your hair too frequently.
To avoid split ends snip off the ends cleanly every 2 weeks.
Otherwise the split may travel backwards to the root.
Avoid tight hair styles or elastic hair bands. Do not use heated, spiked rollers frequently and never hold the hair dryer too close to the scalp. (atleast 15 cms away) Never use sharp combs or brushes.
Never brush or comb when the hair is wet and always use a towel to dry it gently.
Avoid over-zealous scalp massage or brushing.
ALZEIMER’S DISEASE
Alzeimer’s disease is deterioration of mental functions, which include memory, orientation, judgment, and other intellectual functions before old age. It is a degenerative disease where the brain and the nerve cells shrink gradually and so the brain, brain stem and cerebellum are usually small. The age of onset is before 65 years.
CAUSES:
-Generalized bilateral cortical atrophy (involving the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain) of unknown origin.
-Hereditary
-Aging process
-Vitamin B –complex deficiency
-Virus
-Chronic metal poisoning like Aluminum, Zinc etc
SYMPTOMS:
-Loss of memory for names, things, recent events and appointments
-Diminished drive, enthusiasm and energy
-Inability to carry out a conversation
-Loss of sense of time, wandering out at night
-Inability to retain new information
-Anxiety, agitation, depression, mood changes
-Childish behavior
-Disorientation-inability to find ones house or bedroom etc
-Withdrawn from others-indifferent to others
Severe disorientation may result in:
-Inability to recognize one’s spouse
-Inability to recognize one’s surroundings
-Neglect of personal hygiene
-Loss of memory even of childhood days
-Stiffness and in coordination
-Bedridden with incontinence
DO’S AND DON’TS:
-Walk regularly as walking increases brain activity
-Maintain good, familiar living environment
-Exercise and eat nutritious food
-Avoid alcohol and smoking.
-Avoid being in heavily polluted areas to avoid inhaling free metals in air
-Make it a habit to note down appointments or things to do.
-Take someone along always, while going out. Do not go out alone.
-The patient should always carry an identity card with their phone number.
-Treat these persons with patience and dignity.
AMENORRHOEA
The absence of menstruation is called amenorrhoea. It can be of two types, primary and secondary. Primary is the one in which a girl has never mentstruated before while secondary is when there is acessation of menses after three or more cycles of normal menses.
CAUSES:
Commonest condition is pregnancy and it continues till lactation. Other physiological conditions like pregnancy, lactation and post menopausal or conditions involving the pituitary, thyroid and other glands. Ovarian or uterine deformities and pathologies, malnutrition, anaemia, obesity are some other causes.
SYMPTOMS:
Absence of menstruation
Other symptoms will vary from cause of amenorrhoea. E.g. morning sickness in pregnancy.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Supplement food with iron-rich vegetables like spinach and green leafy vegetables and folic acid and multivitamins. Eat nutritious well balanced diet.
Reduce your weight not by diet control but by regular exercises like swimming, cycling, walking.
Get yourself investigated for general medical conditions which are known to get amenorrhoea.
Do not self medicate or go to quacks. Take guidance only from qualified doctors.
ANAEMIA
It means that the level of haemoglobin in the blood is lower than that required. Haemoglobin is important to carry oxygen from the lungs to different parts of the body.
Normal value in males is 13.5 to 18 gm% and in females is 12.5 to
16 gm%
CAUSES:
Iron deficiency anaemia is the commonest form and results from a shortage of iron from a poor diet, blood loss, illness or infection. Pregnant women are particularly at risk. Pernicious anaemia develops due to lack of intrinsic factor, which is secreted by the stomach which prevents absorption of vitamin B12 required for red blood cell production. It affects vegetarians and group A particularly.
Megaloblastic anaemia results from shortage of folic acid, which is found in fresh vegetables, fruits and liver. This is more seen in elderly people and pregnant women.
Improper formation of red blood cells.
Continous blood loss as in trauma and heavy menstruation.
Prolonged illness.
It can sometimes be a hereditary tendency.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
Paleness of the skin, nail bed and tongue.
Weakness and dizziness.
Loss of appetite
Headaches.
Palpitation
Breathlessness on exertion.
Increased pulse rate.
Sore tongue
Weight loss.
Insomnia.
DO’S & DONT’S:
A diet rich in iron and vitamin B12.
Iron rich food such as green leafy vegetables, walnuts, raisins, strawberries, apricots, wheat germ, jaggery, dates and liver. Food rich in vitamin B12 are dairy products, eggs, liver and kidneys.
All forms of anaemia benefit from raw juices such as spinach, carrot or horseradish.
Molasses is said to be good for building strong red blood cells. Do not take tea, coffee and colas with meals as they inhibit iron absorption. Vitamin C on the other hand aids in iron absorption.
CONSULT THE DOCTOR:
In case of heavy menstruation.
After recuperating from long illness
If you are taking iron supplements and you experience, vomiting, bloody diarrhoea, jaundice, lethargy. These are symptoms of iron overload.
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
It is a chronic inflammation of the bones of the spinal column and sometimes of the major limb joints. It starts from the sacro-iliac joint (lower back) and then travels upwards affecting the lumbar, thoracic and cervical spine (neck). Occasionally the shoulder and hip joint is affected. It usually affects men between the ages of 16 and 25 years but there can be exceptions. The disease stops progressing after 10-15 years leaving permanent stiffness and might even give rise to deformity of the spine.
CAUSES:
Hereditary
Autoimmune
SYMPTOMS:
Lower back pain
Stiffness in the back
Hardness of the affected part of the spine
Limitation of movement of the affected area
Pain radiating from lower back upwards
Diffuse radiating pain down one or both the legs
Chest expansion reduced in thoracic involvement
Pain and limitation of movement of shoulder and hip joint
DO’S & DON’TS:
Sleep flat on the back on a firm mattress with a single flat pillow
Learn appropriate exercises and do it regularly
ANURIA
Anuria is absence of urine flow caused primarily by mechanical obstruction in the urinary tract and also due to diseases of the kidney. The mechanical obstruction may occur at any level of the urinary tract from the kidneys to the external urethral meatus.
CAUSES:
Urinary tract obstruction
Calculi (stone) in ureter and bladder.
Stricture of urethra
Phimosis
Meatal stenosis
Inflammation of the ureter
Prostate enlargement
Cancer of prostate
Cancer of bladder
Spinal cord disease
Pregnant uterus
Cancer of the uterus, rectum, colon
Trauma
Kidney diseases
Acute renal failure
Chronic renal failure
Glomerulonephritis
Cortical necrosis
Occlusion of renal blood vessels
SYMPTOMS:
Urinary tract obstruction
Pain that radiates from kidneys down to the lower abdomen and genitals
Pain in the flanks
Complete absence of urination when overall excretory function is impaired
Frequent urination when there is partial obstruction.
Frequent urination at night
Straining while urinating
Kidney diseases
Swelling on the feet
Swelling on face
APPENDICITIS
Appendix is a small worm-shaped tube which measures about 6-9 cms and opens into the wall of the beginning of the large intestine. It is a "vestigeal" organ that has no function to play in the human body.
CAUSES:
Blockage of the appendix by faecal matter, foreign body, worms or due to infection.
Excess of purgatives.
SYMPTOMS:
To begin with there is a dull pain near the navel, which increases and moves to lower right section of the abdomen. Usually happens suddenly and is associated with nausea and even vomiting.
Sometimes there may be diarrhoea or even constipation and also fever.
DO’S AND DONT’S:
If the symptoms match with the above then it an medical emergency.
Do not eat, drink or self medicate.
Do not use purgatives to relieve constipation.
Do not take any anti-spasmodic drugs.
APHTHOUS ULCERS
They are small erosions in the lining of the oral cavity or the tongue. They tend to be recurrent. They usually tend to disappear in about 7-10 days but cause a lot of discomfort.
CAUSES:
Emotional stress.
Local trauma in the form of ill fitting dentures or a sharp tooth.
Allergy to local applications like toothpaste.
Vitamin deficiency esp. B-complex, folic acid.
In females, sometime in association with menstrual cycle. Hereditary, familial tendencies are also seen Smoking.
Poor oral hygiene such as not brushing teeth regularly.
Alcohol, spicy food
Drugs like antibiotics.
Low immunity in any illness from TB to AIDS.
SYMPTOMS:
Tiny shallow erosions in the lining of the mouth or on the tongue.
The base may be white or grey in colour.
Increased salivation.
Pain, burning sensation especially on contact of food or water.
There may be bleeding from the ulcers.
Mild fever if infection is the cause.
Bad odour from the mouth.
DO’S AND DONT’S:
Maintain oral hygiene.
Brush teeth at least twice a day.
Do not brush too vigorously and use a soft toothbrush.
Clean the tongue regularly but not harshly. Use toothpaste, mouthwash which suit you, if you feel you are getting the problem due to it change it you may be allergic to it.
Visit your dentist if you here a sharp tooth or a denture which doesn’t fit well.
Avoid mental stress. Learn to relax and deal to stress.
Avoid spicy hot food, alcohol & smoking.
Avoid self medication with antibiotics.
Vitamin B complex and folic acid supplement will help.
Have a diet rich in green leafy vegetables, cereals.
You can use a cool mouthwash for temporary relief of pain.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
If the ulcers bleed a lot.
If you have a single painless ulcer.
ARTHRITIS
Arthritis actually means inflammation or swelling of a joint, accompanied by pain. But nowadays it used by laymen as a general term for any disease of the joint.
Arthritis is a symptom of a disease and not a disease by itself.
CAUSE:
The cause of arthritis is largely non specific. But various factors like heredity, obesity, injury and stress may play a part. The 2 most common causes are Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid arthritis.
Other causes can be :
Infections from different bacteria
Rheumatic fever.
Gout.
Tuberculosis, psoriasis and even intestinal diseases like Crohns.
SYMPTOMS:
Swelling.
Pain.
A general feeling of stiffness and restricted movements esp. in the morning.
Red shiny skin over the joints.
Deformity of joint later on
Sometimes there may be numbness, loss of appetite, low grade fever and a general sense of being unwell.
DO’S & DONT’S:
A wholefood, largely vegetarian diet with plenty of salads, fruits and lightly cooked vegetables is recommended. Cut out foods such as dairy products, which can cause allergy. Avoid red meat but fish or chicken in moderate amounts will do no harm.
Avoid unpasteurised milk and use goat’s milk if possible. Avoid acid fruits such as lemons and strawberries, tomatoes, salt, sugar (use honey), tea, coffee and alcohol. Take vitamin A, C, E and zinc supplements.
Maintain optimum weight for your height and built. Exercise regularly, but avoid vigorous and heavy work. Yoga can be very helpful.
On waking do not rush into your routine, but start gradually and slowly.
In case of acute inflammation,
Take rest till inflammation subsides.
Local heat or infrared is helpful to alleviate the pain.
Avoid full activity or stretching of the joints.
Always consult the doctor for any medication.
ASCITES
Ascites is accumulation of any fluid in the peritoneal cavity (abdomen).
CAUSES:
Cirrhosis of liver
Tuberculosis
Nephrotic syndrome
Congestive heart failure
Deficiency of proteins
Malignancy (cancer)
SYMPTOMS:
Fullness and discomfort in the abdomen
Abdominal distension
Stretching and pulling sensation in the abdomen
Weight gain
Breathlessness
DO’S & DON’TS:
If the ascites is due to liver cirrhosis restrict salt intake and take a high protein diet
Take adequate amounts of vitamins and mineral supplements
Measure your urine output
Keep a check on weight gain
CONSULT DOCTOR:
If the breathlessness is very severe
If the abdominal discomfort is not bearable
It is important to consult your doctor in order to get a proper treatment as it may be necessary to drain the fluid under medical supervision
ASTHMA
It is an episodic chronic respiratory disorder in which there is airflow obstruction causing difficulty in breathing. It is a very common disorder affecting children more than adults For some, the condition is mild with infrequent episodes & for others it is a serious medical emergency-An episode may pass away quickly and may be short lasting or at times lasts longer & requires immediate medical help.
CAUSES:
Hereditary & familial tendency or history of allergy, which may be skin allergy also predisposes to asthma in the offsprings. Allergy mostly inhaled is the most common cause of asthma.
Allergens can be:
Environment – smoke, dust & pollution and petrol fumes.
Pollen and molds from grass, flowers and trees.
Strong perfumes
Paints & varnishes
Tobacco smoke
Animal dander
House dust mite
Chemical fumes
Food, which can cause allergy are:
Sour food
Citrus fruits
Cold food & drinks
Artificially colored & flavored foods
Fish
Beer, wine
Vinegar
Grapes
Canned vegetables
Infection of the lung, which can be bacterial, viral predisposes to asthma.
Emotional stress is a known trigger factor for an asthmatic attack.
Over strenuous exercise and inhalation of cold air and climatic changes are also trigger factors as are certain drugs
like NS Aids(pain killers) if specific allergy to such drugs.
SYMPTOMS:
Initially there is a feeling of restlessness with a painless
tightness in the chest
There may be cough, sometimes with phlegm and a wheezing or
whistling sound when breathing
Mild to moderate shortness of breath and shortness and rapid
breathing follow with a feeling of
Anxiety, sweating and
Inability to lie down on the back. Usually the sufferer finds comfort in sitting bent forwards and near the windows.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Try to recognize the trigger factors that bring on your attack, so that you can avoid them In families with history of allergy (asthma, eczema), avoid artificial milk, eggs, cocoa, juices & wheat preparations till completion of 6 months. In such circumstances you can only breast feed till 6 months. Vegetarians need not give non veg diet.
Do breastfeed your baby for the first 6 months to strengthen the
immune system and avoid contact with allergens such as in cow’s
milk
Avoid foods & drinks that are known to cause a problem such as vinegar, lemon juice, grapes, instant tea, corn syrup, fruit toppings, cold food & drink, canned vegetables, beer and wine Avoid smoke, pollution, dust as far as possible.
There are three steps to be taken when dealing with an allergy. Firstly, identify the cause or allergen Secondly, avoid it.
Thirdly, if avoidance is impossible, treat the symptoms. Keep a diary and try to trace a pattern or relation between your allergic reaction and the allergen. E.g. Sneezing while doing housework could mean you are allergic to house dust.
Take steps to deal with stress, anxiety and tension as these can
influence the frequency and severity of symptoms
Good nutrition, balanced diet, adequate rest and relaxation will be beneficial.
Yoga can help you by breathing exercises
AVOID ALLERGENS BY:
Choosing fresh unprocessed food.
Checking food labels for additives
Taking extra care like wearing gloves while using detergents and
cleaners
Clean your house, or vacuum frequently to get rid of dust mites,
animal hair, etc. Avoid carpets,and tapestry furniture at home
Keep away from pet animals
Avoid going into rooms that are being painted or just painted
Do not use strong perfumes
Vitamin B complex and magnesium supplements may help you
When traveling in polluted environment roll up car windows and
use air conditioning,
See a doctor regularly, to be monitored and seek help in case if
a severe attack
Ask your doctor regarding emergency medication to help you till
you reach him
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
CAUSES:
Diet rich in fats, ghee, oil,
Smoking
Stress
Obesity and physical inactivity
Diseases like
Hypertension
Diabetes
Family history of premature atherosclerosis Hard drinking water.
SYMPTOMS:
Cardiac diseases
Ischaemic heart diseases.
Myocardial infarction.
Cerebrovascular diseases
Stroke
Paralysis
Pain in limbs when walking.
Fatigue
Giddiness
DO’S AND DONT’S:
Polyunsaturated fatty acids should be consumed.
Exercise.
Reduce obesity.
Reduce stress.
Reduce smoking and alcohol consumption.
My Do’s & Don’t
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
If there are chest pains or attacks of giddiness, falling to the ground, weakness of extremities.
ATOPIC DERMATITIS (ATOPIC ECZEMA)
It is a common form of endogenous (arising from causes inside the body) dermatitis, which commonly affects skin flexures and usually begins in the childhood. The onset is below the age of 2 years. It is a chronic and recurring type of dermatitis
CAUSES:
It depends upon a complex interaction between the genes and environment and an imbalance in the immune system seems to be a major cause in the development of atopy.
SYMPTOMS:
Itching of skin
Rubbing of skin seen in children
Involvement of skin creases of cheeks, forehead, elbows, ankles, around the neck etc
Affection of exposed areas
Red, wet, weepy vesicles in acute dermatitis
Red, dry, scaly skin in sub acute dermatitis
Dry, thickened excoriated skin in chronic dermatitis
At times it is complicated by bacterial infection or herpes simplex virus. In the later there is swinging fever, malaise and cluster of vesicles on face.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Use cotton clothes and bedding covers
Do not keep any pets like dogs, cats etc in the house
Avoid swimming as it can worsen the problem because of the irritant effect of chlorine
Take regular bath and observe good hygiene
Drink plenty of water
» B
BACKACHE
It is the common terminology for the pain in the whole spine. The parts of the back that possess the greatest freedom of movements & hence are frequently subjected to injuries are the lumbar & cervical regions. There are local pain, referred pain, root pain, pain resulting from muscular spasm.
CAUSATIONS:
.Commonest cause is spondylitis
. Postural.
. Injury
. Muscle spasm
. Some diseases like pott’s spine.
. Change in the curvature of the spine at different levels.
. Compression of some lesion on the nerve endings.
. Exertion
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Local pain
. Stiffness
. Painful restriction of movements.
. Referred pain to other regions like arms, leg, chest wall.
. In systemic diseases it can cause permanent curvature deformities.
BAD BREATH (HALITOSIS)
It is the altered or offensive odor from the mouth.
CAUSATIONS:
1. Upper respiratory
a. Bronchiectesis
b. Lung abcess
2. Oral infections
a. Acute primary gingivitis
b. Acute necrotizins gingivitis
c. Caries
3. Smoking
4. Hepatic failure ( fishy odor )
5. Diabetic ketoacidosis ( sweet, fruity odor )
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
.Patient complains of bad breath even after rinsing the mouth.
. Nausea
. Irritation if palate sometimes.
BALANITIS
Balanitis is the inflammation of the glans penis, the under surface of the prepuce is often also invoved. It is more common in men with long or tight prepuce who have difficulty with hygiene.
CAUSATION:
It is usually a bacterial & fungal infection. Candidia albicans , Tricomonas vaginalis, Strptococci & some anaerobic bacteria cause this disease.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
.Redness & swelling of glance penis
. Patchy or general erythema
. Erosion on the surface in severe cases
. White or purulent exudates
. Pain during urination
. Sometimes in severe conditions can cause meatal stenosis with phimosis.
DO’S & DON’TS:
. Proper hygiene of the part is essential.
. Correction of tight prepuce if necessary.
. Give proper saline bath to the part.
. Get the blood sugar done since diabetes can enhance this condition.
BARTTER’S SYNDROME
It has Hypokalemia due to renal potassium wasting
. Alteration of blood pressure.
CAUSATION:
Hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular & medullary interstitial cells ( inner linings of the kidney) due to renal tubular defects.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Weakness
. Periodic paralysis
. Polyuria.
BED SORES
Prolonged immobilization causes the formation of a tender
inflammed area on the skin esp. on a bony weight bearing area of the
body, which quickly turns into a painful and slow healing skin ulcer
Pre-disposing factors to bed sores are
Diabetes
Paralysis.
Atherosclerosis or
Any condition where the patient is bedridden for long. The common areas where a bed sore can develop are:
Ankles, knees, heels, shoulder-blades, spine, hips and lower back.
SYMPTOMS:
To begin with,
Reddish, inflamed painful patch of skin. Later, a raw and open sore in the areas mentioned above with the skin having been cracked and peeled away.
DO’S & DONT’S:
For a bedridden person or in wheelchair.
Make sure to change position as often as possible, when awake or at least 2 hourly when asleep, either by the person on his own or if not possible then by attendants.
They should be bathed frequently and dried thoroughly.
Skin should not be left moist after a bath and by sweating. Avoid friction from bed clothes by avoiding to pull the person, always lift up the person.
The skin should be lubricated with a non irritating lotion. The bed should clean with dry, tight (well ironed) & fitting unstarched cotton sheets.
Use a water bed, if necessary.
Wear loose fitting clothes.
Cushion the persons feet, spine and shoulders with a soft pillow.
A healthy and nutritious diet goes along way to combat infection. Plenty of air circulation & regular exercise is important. If it is not possible by himself then it should be done by a physiotherapist.
If soiled the bed sheets should not be left damp but changed immediately.
BEE STING
To be bitten by a hymenopterous insect(Bees).
CAUSATION:
Envenomation as a result of the bite. Those who have experienced a previous systemic allergic reaction to a sting are at a greater risk for serious reactions if stung by the same type of insect.
SIGNS & SYMTOMS:
-Sharp pain which lasts for several minutes.
-Local wheal and erythema.
-Several itching.
-If the bee is swallowed or inhaled it may lead to edema of laryngopharynx or glottis.
-In rare case it causes Bell’s palsy after sting to trunk of facial nerve.
-In hypersensitive individuals the sting may cause serious anaphylaxis (urticaria, nausea, abdominal or uterine cramps.Bronchospasm massive edema of the face and glottis, dyspnoea, cynosis, hypotension coma and death.).
DO’S & DON’TS:
-The wound site should be examined for a stinger which, if present
should be removed to prevent further envenomation.
-Multiple stings should be washed with soap and water.
-Local cool application.
-Wear shoes when outside.
-Not wear perfumes and bright colors as they may attract these insects.
-Sting Kit containing tourniquets and antihistamines can be carried by hyperallergic persons.
BELCHING
It means eructation of swallowed air from the stomach or esophagus.
CAUSATION:
– Accidental swallowing air along with food morsels.
– Anxiety neurosis.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Occasionally distension of upper abdomen.
– Sometimes uneasiness in the chest due to distension of abdomen relieved by belching.
DOS & DON’TS:
- Avoid eating at a hurried pace.
– Chew the food properly.
TREATMENT:
Consult the doctor.
BELL’S PALSY (FACIAL PARALYSIS)
It is one of the commonest facial paralyses. It is the paralysis of the Seventh Cranial Nerve (Facial Nerve). It is an acute lower motor neuron facial palsy. It is believed to be due to an inflammatory reaction of unknown origin causing edema of the nerve but the exact cause is not known. The majority of the persons recover completely within 2-3 weeks.
CAUSES:
Unknown many a times
Exposure to cold
Herpes zoster
Superlative otitis media
Guillain- Barre syndrome (disease of peripheral nerve with weakness and numbness in limbs)
Head injury
Dental anesthesia
Last trimester of pregnancy
Multiple sclerosis
Diabetes
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
SYMPTOMS:
Sudden paralysis after exposure to cold or without any cause
Paralysis of all the muscles of facial expression
Drooping of angle of mouth on affected side with dribbling of saliva
Forehead cannot be wrinkled, loss of frowning
Inability to close the eye
Eye on paralyzed side seems to roll upward.
Lower lid sags.
Tears spill over the cheeks
Food collects between the teeth and lips.
Creases and skin folds are effaced
Pain behind the ear two days prior to the paralysis
Loss of sense of taste
Watering of eyes
Photophobia (sensitivity to light)
Abnormal acute hearing or painful sensitivity to sounds
Deafness, tinnitus, dizziness
Less sweating on affected side
Puffing out of cheek on expiration
DO’S & DON’TS:
Avoid extreme drafts of cold air directly on the face.
Immediate treatment of upper respiratory tract infections
Do a gentle massage of the paralyzed muscles with bland oil twice in a day for 5 minutes. The massaging movement should start from the chin and lower lip and be directed upwards.
Practice of movements of the facial muscles in front of the mirror
Application of moist heat locally over the face
Use a splint, or apply strips of adhesive tape to lift up the angle of the mouth and prevent drooping
Protect eyes with dark glasses or eye patch
Wash the eye daily to prevent conjunctivitis
CONSULT DOCTOR:
Immediately
BERIBERI
It is a nutritional disorder. The meaning of the word signifies that the patient is too ill to do anything. Now a days it is a rare disease. There are different types of beriberi. Oriental, dry , wet , infantile .
CAUSATION:
Oriental beriberi is caused by eating diet in which most of the calories are derived from polished rice. Then the condition is precipited by infections, hard physical labour or pregnancy or lactation.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
Glucose metabolism is affected so there is weakness
General oedema
As the disease progress there can be cardiac failure.
Palpitations, tachycardia ( increased pulse rate.)
Pain in the legs.
In dry beriberi there is wasting of the muscles & degeneration of the nerves.
In infantile beriberi the child is usually breast fed & can have sudden convulsions & cyanosis & can go in coma.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Since it is a nutritional disorder it can be corrected with diet.
Dietary sources
Legumes , liver , nuts ,germ of cereals & yeast are good sources.
Green vegetables, fruits , roots, dairy products except butter.
So avoid eating unpolished rice or cereals.
Diet should be maintained according to doctors advice.
Since this disease affects heart cardiac monitoring is essential.
For each type of beriberi consult your doctor .
BILIARY COLIC
Pain of the gallbladder is known as biliary colic.
CAUSATION:
-Inflammation of the gallbladder wall or obstruction of the outlet of the gallbladder by a stone or the presence of stones in the gallbladder can give rise to colicky pain.
Following conditions can have biliary colic-Chronic Cholecystitis, Acute Cholecystitis.
-Fatty food.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
-Right Hypochondrial Pain
Episodes of pain varying from discomfort to excruciating are there, the pain may last for several hours.
Sometimes the pain radiates between the shoulder blades and can be associated with nausea and vomiting.
Murphy’s sign may be positive.
-Flatulent Dyspepsia
Feeling of fullness after food associated with belching and heartburn.
DO’S & DONT’S:
-Avoid fatty meals.
-Ultrasonography is usually done to confirm the diagnosis.
TREATMENT:
-For biliary pain analgesics may be required.
-In severe cases which do not respond to conservative treatment cholecystectomy may be required.
-Dissolution of stones can be done provided they are radiolucent.
-Many patients have recurrence of stones.
BLACK EYE
Contusion of lid gives rise to this condition called black eye.
CAUSATION:
. Chemical injury
. Thermal injury.
. Mechanical injury.
. accidents.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Swelling of the eye
. ecchymosis of the lids.
TREATMENT:
. Immediate cold compress is useful.
. Consult doctor if required.
BLEEDING IN GENERAL
Bleeding occurs when any blood vessel carrying blood around the body, i.e. artery, vein or capillary are cut or torn. Bleeding may be external and visible but most fatally it can be internal also.
Blood from an artery is bright red and spurts from the wound with every heartbeat, while blood from a vein is dark red and gushes out.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Lay the victim flat on his back. If possible raise the wound above the level of the heart.
Remove any visible object from the wound, but do not remove any object or clothing that is stuck inside or at the wound. You may remove something that is actually plugging the wound and worsen the bleeding.
Apply direct pressure on the wound with a clean cloth or your hand. If blood comes through the cloth, do not remove it but apply another cloth over it. Keep pressing. You may have to apply more pressure if blood continues to seep through. If the bleeding stops bandage the part with a clean cloth without removing the cloth that helped stop the bleeding. Bandage around the object that is stuck in the wound without applying any pressure on it.
Find out whether the person is responsive,either by asking him, "are you alright?" or by shaking him (not vigorously). If there is absolutely no response, seek immediate help. Call up the nearest casualty or hospital and very calmly, give all information. Do not hang up in panic till the information is properly given.
Check the ABCs – airway, breathing and circulation To clear the airway, Open the mouth and clear the airway of vomitus, saliva, foreign body or blood.
Tilt the head and lift up the chin.
Lift and pull forward the lower jaw. This will lift up the tongue which is falling back and choking the airway.
Watch the chest for movements or feel the breath at the nostril as evidence of breathing If there is no evidence of breathing, then start mouth to mouth breathing as follows.
Pinch the persons nose closed. Take a deep breath yourself and blowout at the persons mouth forming a tight seal with your mouth. Watch the chest rise as you blow. If the chest fails to rise, reposition the persons head and try again or think of airway obstruction.
Feel for the pulse. Locate the adams apple with your fingers and slide your fingers into the groove besides it, or put your ear in front of the left side of the chest to hear heart beats. If no heartbeats or pulsations felt then give a thump with a closed fist on the heart area.
Start cardiac massage. Feel and locate the breast bone in the midline. Place the heel of your right hand two fingers above the tip of the breast bone. Place cross wise the left hand on top of the right hand.
Position your body, so that the shoulders are directly above your hands, with arms stretched and elbows locked. With a firm thrust push the breast bone 1.5 to 2 inches down.
Release and repeat.
Continue artificial breathing and cardiac massage till help arrives. Give about two mouth to mouth breaths followed by fifteen cardiac massage pushes, then recheck for a pulse .
If the victim is not breathing but has a pulse, give breaths. For an adult or child over eight years old, give 1 breath every five seconds. Check for pulse every 12 breaths. For a child between one and eight, give 1 breath every four seconds and check for pulse every 15 breaths. Continue till help arrives.
Placing an unconscious person who is breathing in the recovery position will keep the airways open.
CAUTION:
Do not place the victim in this position if you suspect a neck ar back injury. Support the victim’s head and roll him onto his stomach. Bend the victim’s arm and knee that are nearest to you. Carefully tilt the back of the head so that the airway remains open.
BLEEDING GUMS
Bleeding from the gums can occur either due to some local problem or systemic illness.
CAUSES:
Gingivitis (inflammation of the gums)
Vitamin C deficiency as in scurvy.
Ill fitting dentures.
Trauma due to vigorous brushing.
Infection of carious teeth.
Pregnancy may cause enlargement of gums which bleed easily.
Drugs like antiepileptic drugs esp. Phenytoin.
Bleeding disorders like thrombocytopenic purpura.
SYMPTOMS:
Swelling of gums.
Irregular outline of gums.
Red spongy gums.
Ulcer may be present.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Maintain good oral hygiene.
Brush teeth at least twice a day. But use a soft headed toothbrush. Avoid vigorous brushing.
A diet high in Vitamin C – orange, lemons or vitamin C supplements will help.
If dentures are not comfortable, visit your dentist.
Do visit a dentist for minor tooth problems.
BLEEDING GUMS
Bleeding from the gums can occur either due to some local problem or systemic illness.
CAUSES:
Gingivitis (inflammation of the gums)
Vitamin C deficiency as in scurvy.
Ill fitting dentures.
Trauma due to vigorous brushing.
Infection of carious teeth.
Pregnancy may cause enlargement of gums which bleed easily.
Drugs like antiepileptic drugs esp. Phenytoin.
Bleeding disorders like thrombocytopenic purpura.
SYMPTOMS:
Swelling of gums.
Irregular outline of gums.
Red spongy gums.
Ulcer may be present.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Maintain good oral hygiene.
Brush teeth at least twice a day. But use a soft headed toothbrush. Avoid vigorous brushing.
A diet high in Vitamin C – orange, lemons or vitamin C supplements will help.
If dentures are not comfortable, visit your dentist.
Do visit a dentist for minor tooth problems.
BLEPHAROSPASM
(Blepharo-eyelid, Spasm- uncontrolled muscle spasm)
It is a condition in which the lids are firmly closed, due to forcible contraction of an eye muscle (orbicularis)
Any abnormal blinking or eyelid twitch
CAUSES:
1. Precipitating stressors are bright light, fatigue, emotional tension
2. Dry eyes
3. Tourette’s syndrome
4. Dyskinesia
5. Keratitis (Phlycentular, Interstitial)
6. Foreign body, ulcer erosion of cornea
7. Conjunctivitis (Membranous or Pseudo-membranous)
8. Severe iritis or iridocyclitis
9. Stimulation of the facial nerve
10. Hysteria
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS :
1. Visual disturbance is due to forced closure of eyelids
2. The spasm disappears in sleep and does not appear for several hours after waking
3. The spasm may continue for some moments, weeks and may continue for months
4. Episodes tend to worsen in severely embarrassment
DO’S & DONT’S:
1. Try to avoid emotional stresses, looking at bright light, dazzling objects
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
1. Spasms are so forceful & prolonged that the patient is functionally blind up to several hours, hence consulting the ophthalmologist as early as possible is necessary
BLEPHERITIS
It is a subacute or chronic inflammation of the lid margin.
CAUSATION:
. External irritants— dust , wind, smoke, cosmetics.
. Unhygienic conditions.
. Eyestrain due to error of refraction.
. Individual allergies.
. Age- usually common in children.
. Inflammation of neighbouring structures like conjunctivitis .
. Excessive carbohydrate diet.
. Parasitic infections.
Commonest cause are dirt & staphylococcus in children, seborrhea in adolescents & allergies in adult life.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. No pain but discomfort.
. Accumulation of dandruff on the lid.
. Falling of eyelashes.
. Thickening of lid margins.
. In ulcerative conditions there is soreness of margins, lacrymation, itching , photophobia.
TREATMENT:
. Correction of refractory error.
. balanced diet with vitamin A
. Consult your physician.
BLINDNESS
There are 3 types of blindness
Night blindness ( Nyctalopia )
Day blindness ( Hemeralopia )
Colour blindness
NIGHT BLINDNESS:
It means poor vision in feeble illumination, so person can not see clearly 7 collides with the objects.
CAUSATIONS:
. Congenital or hereditary with other anomalies in the retina.]
. Diseases of the eye like pigment degeneration, myopic degeneration.
.Retinal detachment.
Vitamin A deficiency.
TREATMENT:
This can be corrected with the help of an instrument called ADAPTOMETER.
. Dietary correction.
DAY BLINDNESS:
It means that the vision is poor in bright light but better in dim light, pupils dilate so the outer retina is used for vision.
CAUSATION:
. Pathological changes in macula
. Central opacity of cornea or lens.
COLOUR BLINDNESS:
It means inability to recognize colours. It is from the birth, bilateral. It is of two types, Partial & Total.
.Partial blindness —- The person can not recognize red, green or blue.
. Total blindness —– The person can not recognize any colour.
CAUSATIONS:
. Congenital or hereditary
. Diseases of the macula or the optic nerve.
Usually it is incurable unless it is acquired from macular diseases.
BLISTERS
These are small bubbles of skin filled with clean fluids. They may be single or many and may be pin point size to 2 an inch in
diameter
CAUSE:
Friction or brief intense contact of the skin with any rough material
Excessive rubbing of exposed skin like new pain of shoes against ankle or a tool handle against hand are the commonest conditions
Burns or contact with hot surface like steam or flame
Severe sunburn can also cause blisters
Exposure to radiation
Contact with chemical irritants, cosmetics, toxins, insect bites
Drug reaction from oral or topical preparations
Infections like chickenpox, herpes simplex, impetigo and
autoimmune diseases
SYMPTOMS:
One or more bubbles of skin filled with clear fluid
Pain and inflammation around the blister
Itching and redness of skin around it
Fever in case of infection like chicken pox with multiple fluid filled bubbles
DO’S & DONT’S:
Before handling heavy tools wear hand gloves
When wearing new shoes apply adhesive bandage to prevent friction or apply petroleum jelly on shoe edge. Wear acrylic or synthetic fibre socks which are low friction If you have a blister from friction or minor burn apply petroleum jelly around it to keep skin soft Keep the blister clean and protected from pressure and irritation of all kinds Do not break the blister, unless it is causing severe pain and discomfort. Clean the blister thoroughly with dettol and use a sterilized needle to puncture it.
When the blister breaks wash with soap and water and apply a
mild antiseptic. During the day cover with a gauze bandage and
expose at night to open air
If blistered with chemicals, wash and flush the part with plenty
of water
Do not apply butter or vinegar it can be harmful – by causing
infection
Do not walk or play bare footed
Wear long sleeves and full pants and glares when in contact
with unknown plants
CALL A DOCTOR IF:
Blister is large
Extensive burns leading to blistering
Contact with chemicals and there is burning and pain even after
washing with lots of water
There is discharge of given yellow pus from blister
BOTULISM
It is a paralytic disease caused by a chemical substance released
by a bacteria called "Clostridium botulinum"
There are three types of botulism :
1. Food borne botulism
2. Infantile botulism
3. Wound botulism
CAUSES:
i) Food borne, by ingestion of contaminated food, especially from canned food or pre-prepared food. This can affect all ages.
ii) Infantile, seen in children as young as 3 months and can be due to ingestion of contaminated honey
iii)Wound, in which contamination of the wound with the bacteria "Clostridium botulinum" produces chemical substance that cause paralysis
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:
In the food borne type:
Nausea, vomiting, dizziness
Dry mouth
Constipation
Urine retention
Weakness and paralysis
Difficult breathing due to respiratory muscle involvement
Drooping of the eyelids
IN THE INFANTILE TYPE:
Constipation
Lack of control of head and cannot hold the head
Does not Suck ( breast feeding) properly
Weakness, Paralysis & Difficult breathing
Fever is usually not felt here
WOUND:
May be febrile or afebrile
Symptoms are same as food borne and the onset is 4-14 days after
an injury
DO’S AND DONT’S:
Avoid storing food cooked at home except in the fridge at a temperature less than 4 deg. celsius. Cook the right quantity and try to finish food without leaving any leftovers Take care to examine stored food and canned food. Look for any foul odour, colour change or for any growth on the food. Avoid giving honey to infants.
In case of a wound,
Clean and dress it with antibacteria creams and solutions. Do not leave the wound open and do not allow the child to play in mud with the wound open If the wound is filled with dirt clean it immediately with an antiseptic like dettol before you show it to doctor.
Do not cover the wound with a dirty cloth. Use a clear cloth
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
If you have any of the above symptoms present – immediately
In case of an injury for regular dressing
BOW LEG
The knee and the legs are bowed outwards.
CAUSATION:
In majority of the cases there is no underlying disease.
- Fractured lower end of femur or upper part of tibia with mal union resulting in now leg.
– Osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis.
– Rickets.
– Osteomalacia.
– Bone softening disease like Paget’s disease.
– In children uneven growth of epiphysial plate may occur after injury or osteomyelitis.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Occasionally gait may be wobbly.
– In vast majority of cases when there is no underlying disease, the deformity gets corrected spontaneously.
– Usually occurs in children of age group 1 to 3, which sometimes gets continued in adulthood.
DO’S & DON’TS:
- Rest after injury to assist proper fusion of the bones.
TREATMENT:
- Rule out presence of underlying disease.
– Sometimes corrective surgery is needed.
- Consult your doctor.
BRACHIAL NEURALGIA
It is an affection of the brachial plexus. They are a network of nerves arising from the spine at the base of the neck, from which arises the nerves supplying the arm, forearm and hand, and parts of the shoulder girdle.
CAUSATION:
- Prolapsed intervertebral disc.
– Osteoarthritis of the cervical spine (Spondylitis).
– Malignant infiltration at the base pf the neck.
– Spinal tumor.
– Sagging of shoulder in the aged persons.
– Trauma and fractures leading to injury to the nerve.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Localized pain in the neck, which often comes suddenly and is aggravated by cough.
– Loss of sensory feeling over the skin e.g. reduced or complete loss of sensation to touch, heat, pain etc.
– Loss of motor function depending at which level and branch of brachial nerve is affected like e.g. paralysis of shoulder muscles.
– Wasting and thinning of the muscles due to disuse.
– Loss of strength of the muscles of the arm and hand.
– Radiating pain which is sharp and shooting type.
– Tingling numbness of the arm and fingers.
DO’S & DON’TS:
- Proper neck support and no jerky movements of the neck.
– Exercise to strength the neck muscles.
– Do not lift heavy weights on the head.
TREATMENT:
– Consult your doctor.
– Treat the primary cause.
– Yoga and, physiotherapy for right posture of the neck and relieving pain, but only under guidance and after consulting your physician.
BRAIN CONCUSSION & CONTUSION
These are the terms used for the indication of major & minor degree of injuries to the brain.
CAUSATIONS:
. Accidents
. Trauma
. Fall
. Ruptured brain tumour or aneurism which is rare
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Local bruises
. Bleeding
. Pain
. Fainting
. Vomiting
. Brain oedema
. Skull bone fracture
. Weakness of the part governed by that part of brain
. Transient memory loss
. In severe cases unconsciousness
. Haematoma formation
. Respiratory failure
. Fall in systemic blood pressure
. Shock due to loss of fluids
DO’S & DON’TS:
. Immediate hospitalization
. Replacement of fluids to help the patient come out of shock
. Wound is bandaged & cold compression are given to arrest the bleeding
. The internal damage to the brain tissue is found out by various investigations & treated with the physician
. If there is paresis of extremities physiotherapy is necessary sometimes
. Haematoma formations many times require surgical removal
. Constant monitoring of the patient is must
. Fractures are healed with rest most of the time or sometimes require surgery.
BREAST CANCER
It is not that all women get breast cancer, but there are certain factors which are responsible for breast cancer Breast Cancer is very rare below the age of 20 Above 20 years the chances increase if any of the factors are present.
i) If any one in the family has had breast cancer
ii) Diets rich in fatty acids
iii) Alcohol consumption
iv) Women who have not had a child (only after 40 years)
v) Women who do not breast feed their child. Breast feeding offers protection against cancer
vi) In post menopausal women if they are obese
The role of Oral contraceptive pill is still questionable
It is very important to know that all lumps are not cancerous and an early diagnosis makes the treatment effective.
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:
All cancers are painless to start with . Later on there may be pain. If pain increases or decreases with menstruation it is probably fibroadenosis First and foremost the patients present with a lump which may be painless. Pain comes later.
In later stages there maybe discharge from the nipple. In Cancer the discharge is fresh blood or altered blood If it is pus then it may be a breast abscess If it is greenish discharge it may be fibroadenosis (which is not a Cancer and is common in girls)
BREAST EXAMINATION:
Take atleast 10-15 minutes each month to check your breasts. The best time to do so is immediately after your periods. After menopause keep a fixed day to carry out the breast examination.
1. Examine your breast in a mirror for any change in size, any nipple changes or any discharge.
2. Raise your hands above your head and examine the breast leading to the armpit for any swelling or skin puckering. Lower and raise your arms while watching your nipples, do they move the same or not.
3. Lean forward and examine each breast for change in outline, puckering, dimpling of the skin or retraction of the nipple.
4. Lying down examine each breast with the flat of your hand to feel for any lumps, thick or bumpy area. Don’t press too hard or too lightly.
5. Slide your hand over the breast above the nipple starting at the armpit, moving inwards. Feel for lumps. Keep moving your hand across the nipple till you have felt all parts of the breast.
6. Feel for lumps along top of collarbone and in armpit.
Examine each breast separately and if you detect anything, consult the doctor immediately.
Remember, only one in every 10 lumps found worthy of
investigation for cancer may prove malignant
OBSERVE THE NIPPLE:
In cancer, the nipple is drawn upwards towards the lump and if there is a ulcer on the nipple chances of it being of Cancer are high.
SKIN OVER THE BREAST:
There will be dimpling, retraction or puckering, orange colour
skin, or a fungating mass in cancer breast
ARMS:
Look out for swellings in the arm pits
Cancer is more common in the upper and outer part of the breast The lump is of uneven size and shape in cancer. If it is even, it is probably a fibroadenoma, which is a benign condition (i.e. not cancerous)
The lump in cancer cannot be moved i.e. fixed to the breast
tissue
DO’S & DON’TS:
First and foremost, if you detect any kind of lump/ swelling in your breast consult your doctor as soon as possible. Don’t feel shy about it. It is better to be early than too late Only one in every 10 lumps found worthy of investigation for cancer may prove malignant Now a days if cancer is detected early then the breast can be saved, instead of removing the whole breast if detected late. Early marriage (age 22-25) is good as regards risk for cancer and also child bearing. Do breast feed your child. Avoid diet which contains plenty of saturated fatty acids e.g. red meat, dairy products.
Avoid alcohol
Menopausal women should maintain their weight.
If obese, diet and regular exercise to slim down.
Vit C helps prevent chances of cancer of breast.
BREAST EXAMINATION
Take atleast 10-15 minutes each month to check your breasts. The best time to do so is immediately after your periods. After menopause keep a fixed day to carry out the breast examination.
1. Examine your breast in a mirror for any change in size, any nipple changes or any discharge.
2. Raise your hands above your head and examine the breast leading to the armpit for any swelling or skin puckering. Lower and raise your arms while watching your nipples, do they move the same or not.
3. Lean forward and examine each breast for change in outline, puckering, dimpling of the skin or retraction of the nipple.
4. Lying down examine each breast with the flat of your hand to feel for any lumps, thick or bumpy area. Don’t press too hard or too lightly.
5. Slide your hand over the breast above the nipple starting at the armpit, moving inwards. Feel for lumps. Keep moving your hand across the nipple till you have felt all parts of the breast.
6. Feel for lumps along top of collarbone and in armpit.
Examine each breast separately and if you detect anything, consult the doctor immediately.
Remember, only one in every 10 lumps found worthy of
investigation for cancer may prove malignant
BRONCHIAL ASTHAMA
It is an allergic disorder of the respiratory tract, characterized by paroxysms of dyspnoea accompanied by wheezing, resulting from narrowing of the bronchial airways by muscle spasm, mucosal swelling or viscid secretion.
CAUSATION:
Early Onset Asthma (Extrinsic)
– Occurs in atopic individuals, i.e. those who readily form IgE antibodies to commonly occurring allergens e.g. Pollens, Mites in house dust, Animal dander, Feathers in pillows or quilts, Industrial chemicals, Food, Drugs.
Family history of allergic disorder.
Late Onset Asthma (Intrinsic)
– Occurs in Non-atopic individuals, and it would appear that external allergens play no part in production of this type of disease. Some causative factors are Exercise, Occupational hazards like dust, fumes etc. drugs, Emotions.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
Episodic Asthma
-Paroxysms of wheeze and dyspnoea occur suddenly at any time of the day or night preceded by feeling of tightness in the chest.
-Breathing is exhausting and expiration is difficult and prolonged.
-Patient adopts upright position, fixing the shoulder girdle.
-Wheeze is expiratory and unproductive cough aggravates the dyspnoea.
In severe attacks tachycardia, pulsus paradoxus and central cyanosis can occur.
-Attack may end suddenly within an hour or two sometimes with the coughing up of viscid sputum.
Chronic Asthma
-Wheeze and breathlessness on exertion and spontaneous cough and wheeze during night.
-Cough and mucoid sputum with recurrent respiratory infection.
Severe Acute Asthma
-Life threatening attacks associated with extreme respiratory distress and arterial hypoxaemia.
TREATMENT:
-Avoidance of relevant allergens. One must try and identify the causative agents as possible.
-Hyposensitisation – it is a specific measure for preventing antigen antibody reaction (mostly only when single allergen is the cause). It may cause anaphylactic reaction.
-Administer Oxygen from portable cylinders.
-Drugs.
-Nebulisers.
-Measures to counter the effects of aggravating factors such as exercise, infection and emotional stress.
-Hospitalization in severe cases.
BRONCHIECTASIS
It is the permanent abnormal dilatation of one or more bronchi. It can be associated with other respiratory conditions like acute bronchitis or Asthama or with recurrent sinusitis 7 otitis media ( middle ear infection)
CAUSATION:
1. Obstructive— Intrinsic lesion in the airway, bronchial stenosis , external compression. Obstruction causes stagnation of the fluids causing secondary infections.
2. Infective—- Bacterial infection.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Raspy, frequent cough producing purulent sputum
Fever low grade associated with bronchopneumonia.
. Flecks of blood with the sputum
. In severe cases there can be frank blood.
. Constitutional symptoms like intermittent fever, lassitude, fatigue, poor appetite.
. Dyspnea depending upon the lung involvement.
. Wheezing due to associated asthama
TREATMENT:
.Respiratory therapy in the form of chest percussion& gravity drainage can promote removal of thick secretions.
. Nasal oxygen if required to maintain the oxygenation.
. A program of graded exercise, routine deep breathing, maintenance of good nutrition.
. Consult your physician for the treatment.
BRONCHITIS –ACUTE
It is an acute inflammation of the trachea and bronchi.
CAUSATION:
It is caused by viruses and pyogenic organisms such as Strep.pneumoniae, H. influenzae and rarely Staph aureus. Bacterial infection is common sequel of coryza, influenza, measles and whooping cough. Other predisposing factors are cold damp and dusty atmosphere and cigarette smoking.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
-first symptom is an irritating unproductive cough accompanied by retrosternal discomfort or pain as a result of trachitis.
-sensation of tightness in the chest.
-dyspnoea with wheeze may be present.
-sputum is initially scant and hard to expectorate and sometimes may be blood streaked.
-later sputum is mucopurulent and more copious.
-rise in temperature.
DO’S & DON’TS:
-steam inhalation 3 or 4 times a day when cough is painful and unproductive.
-avoid cold, damp, and foggy atmosphere.
-stop smoking cigarettes.
-consult doctor.
BRONCHITIS CHRONIC
It is a name given to a clinical syndrome which develops as a result of long continued action of irritants on the bronchial mucosa.
CAUSATION:
-Tobacco smoke.
-Dust, smoke and fumes occurring as occupational hazards.
-Atmospheric pollution in industrial towns and cities.
-Exposure to dampness and sudden changes in temperature and fog.
-More common in smokers and males.
-Mostly occurs in middle age adults.
-Pathogens – Step. Pneumoniae and or H. influenzae.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
-Usually there are repeated attacks of winter cough which show a steady increase in severity and intensity with successive years until cough is present through out the year.
-Wheeze, dyspnoea and tightness of chest in the morning, before expectoration of bronchial secretions are cleared.
-Sputum is scant tenacious and occasionally streaked with blood.
-purulent sputum is indicative of bacterial infection.
TREATMENT:
-Nocturnal unproductive cough will often be less troublesome if the patient sleeps in a heated bedroom.
-Inhalation of steam helps liquefy sputum and make it easier to bring up.
-Stop smoking cigarette.
-Control of atmospheric pollution.
-Prevent inhalation of dust and fumes by industrial workers.
-Respiratory infection should be promptly and efficiently treated.
BROWN SEQUARD SYNDROME
It is a neurological condition resulting when the spinal cord has been partly cut through.
CAUSATION:
– Trauma to the spinal cord caused by stab in the back, bullet wound, vertebral fractures or caries.
– Compression of the cord.
– Intramedullary neoplasm.
– Vascular causes like loss of blood supply to the cord leading to neurological damage.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Parts of the body supplied by the damaged segment there is flaccid weakness and loss of feeling in the skin.
– Below the lesion there is a spastic paralysis on the same side and loss of pain and temperature sensation on the opposite side.
DO’S & DON’TS:
- Prevent injury to the spinal.
– Rest in bed.
– When injured do not move the patient call an ambulance for assistance.
TREATMENT:
Consult a neurologist and your physician.
BRUCELLOSIS
It is an infection spread to humans by the ingestion of raw milk from infected cattle. It is an occupational hazard of veterinary surgeons, slaughterhouse workers.
CAUSATION:
Brucella abortus , Brucella melitensis , Brucella suis bacteria from infected cattle ,infected goat or sheep & infected pigs respectively.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
Sweating
Weakness
Headache
Anorexia
Pain in the limbs, back
Rigors
Joint pains
Pyrexia long lasting
Arthritis, Spondylitis , Bursitis , Osteomyelitis
Depression
DO’S & DON’TS:
.The spread of brucellosis by milk can be prevented by pasteurization or boiling.
. Veterinary surgeons & others handling infected animals need to exercise scrupulous hygiene.
TREATMENT:
Consult your doctor as soon as possible.
BULIMIA
The word means ‘Ox-hunger’. It refers to episodic ingestion of large amounts of food in a compulsive manner, followed by induced vomiting ,with or without the subsequent ingestion of laxative. All the above with the awareness that the eating pattern is abnormal and a fear that eating cannot be stopped voluntarily and a feeling of depression at the complication of the act.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
-Morbid fear of becoming fat.
-Binge eating may occur in several types of emotional disorders e.g. Anorexia nervosa.
-High carbohydrate food is favored (e.g. Sweets, ice cream) resulting in dental caries in many cases.
-Secrecy about the eating-vomiting sequence.
-Stealing of food is common.
-High rate of alcohol and drug abuse..
-Patients may be thin.
-Fluctuating weight is common with cyclical gains and losses.
-Lab reports show hypokalemia with metabolic alkalosis secondary to vomiting and laxative use.
-Major complication is aspiration, esophageal or gastric rapture, pneumomediastinum, hypokalemia, with cardiac arrhythmias, pancreatitis and, ipeacac induced myopathy and or cardiomegaly.
TREATMENT:
-Potassium supplementation may be required for vomiters.
-Instruction about nutrition, occupational therapy, group work with the family, and individual psychotherapy should be included in the treatment plan.
-Treatment is a long term proposition and requires perseverance by subject, family and physician is a must,
BUNION
Bunion is a swelling at the inside of the foot sometimes pushing the big toe inwards so that it overlaps other toes.
CAUSE:
Just like corns bunions are nearly always caused by ill-fitting shoes, which put pressure on the big toe.
SYMPTOMS:
Swelling behind the big toe sometimes with hardened over the swelling.
Pain and redness accompanies the swelling.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
Prevent bunion by wearing comfortable, flat soled shoes. Avoid high heels, tight ill-fitting shoes and also shoes with narrow, pointed tips.
Make sure socks are not too tight.
Exercise your feet by doing toe-flexing exercises. Loop a strong rubber band around both the big toes and move the feet outwards to try to make a "V". Do it as often as possible. Massage your feet regularly.
If bunion causes sore feet, a hot compress or a good soak in warm water will relieve pain.
Let children go barefoot as much as they can and don’t wear shoes atleast when at home.
CONSULT A DOCTOR IF:
Pain persists or change is seen in pattern of walking inspite of change of shoes.
BURKITT’S LYMPHOMA
This is a non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Majority of cases occur in children with a peak incidence between the age of 4 & 8 years.
CAUSATION:
The strong presence of Epstein Barr virus causes this lymphoma predominantly in the mandibular & maxillary areas.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Bone deformity.
. Loosening of the teeth
. Loss of vision in severe cases.
. Sudden onset of paraplegia
. Bilateral involvement of abdominal organs.
. In severe cases bilateral breast tumors, enlarged salivary glands.
TREATMENT:
Consult your physician at the earliest.
BURNS
A burn is a wound in which there is coagulative necrosis of the tissue.
CAUSATION:
Dry Heat- When burnt by heat. e.g. actinic rays (sunburn), irradiation, electricity, and friction.
Moist Heat- When burnt by liquid agent who is hot e.g. water etc. This wound is called a SCALD.
Chemical- when burnt by corrosive agents, e.g. Acids.
Cold Heat- Cold contact causing coagulative necrosis, e.g. frostbite
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
-The factors that determine the severity of injury are
1) Extend of body surface affected—The more the area involved the more is the severity.
2) Depth of Burn and Causative Agent—Depends on the depth of the skin surface involved, the more superficial the healing is faster.
Children have delicate skin and even minor burns and be deep. Wounds caused by burning clothing, electricity, or molten metal are usually deep.
3) Agents temperature and duration of contact—The longer exposure and contact the injury is more severe.
4) Age and Health of patient—Burns are tolerated poorly by extremes of age and unhealthy individuals with associated illness.
-Superficial burn will usually appear moist, red, and blistered.
-Deep burns appear white or brown, dry and firm to touch. Sometimes deep burns destroy nerves and are anesthetic.
DO’S & DON’TS:
FIRST AID DIRECTIONS
Burns and Scalds— Remove patient from source of heat and extinguish flames. Apply cold clean water soaks to affected area and renew every 3 minutes. Adherent clothing, dirt, or foreign material should be removed by gentle rinsing with sterile water. It is not necessary to rupture clean blisters.
Electrical Burns— Switch off the electrical supply. If the patient is unconscious exclude cardiac arrest and if necessary apply CPR (Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation).
Chemical Burns— Irrigate affected areas with copious amounts of clean water (except Phenol burns).Irrigation may be required for several hours.
Cold Burns— Areas of frost bite should be thawed with tepid water (at 40 degree Celsius). Frostbite may be associated with hypothermia. Rewarm the body slowly .Oxygen can be administered.
TRANSPORT
The burns should be covered with clean sheets and the patient wrapped in warm blankets or foil. A secure I.V. line is required for major cases.
TREATMENT:
-Tetanus toxoid booster should be given.
-Regular dressing and cleaning of the wound.
-Fluid replacement therapy. In severe buns I.V. fluids can be given to prevent hypovolaemic shock caused by fluid lost through blisters, and inflammation of the wound.
-Analgesic and sedation in cases of severe pain associated with burns.
-High protein and calorie diet according to the age of the patient.
-Physiotherapy to enhance mobility of the affected parts, and prevent contractions.
-Grafting of skin in severe cases for faster healing and sometimes for cosmetic purposes.
-Psychological support. Burn patient may become severely depressed and require constant encouragement and positive reassurance to prevent them becoming lethargic and anorexic.
-Continued Management and Reconstructive Surgery. Patients should be encouraged to return to normal life.
BURSITIS
Inflammation of the bursae is known as bursitis, e.g. Simple Bursitis, Chronic Bursitis (Housemaids Knee), and Acute Supportive Bursitis.
CAUSATION:
-Trauma after injury or unaccustomed exercise.
-Repeated pressure or slight injuries to anatomical bursae.
-Direct infection by penetrating wounds, or by the spread of local cellulites.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
-Pain, redness, swelling and tenderness of the affected sight.
DO’S & DON’TS:
-Rest and immobility of the part.
TREATMENT:
-Aspiration of the cyst is sometimes done to prevent deformity.
– Incise and drain purulent bursae if they do not respond to conservative treatment.
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CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE:
CAUSE:
1. Bacteria itself
SYMPTOMS:
1. Symptoms begin 4-9 days after starting the antibiotic treatment
2. Profuse watery diarrhea
3. Pain in stomach while examining by the doctor.
4. Fever
5. Leucocytosis (decreased WBC count which are cells that fight against any disease organisms in the body)
DO’S & DON’TS:
1. Fluid replacement adequately
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
1. If the condition worsens it may lead to megacolon (enlargement of the colon which is the main part of large intestine) ultimately leading to colonic rupture and death hence prompt medical treatment.
CHRONIC EMPYEMA:
Accumulation of pus for more than 3 months of duration is considered as chronic.
CAUSES:
1. Faliure to diagnose acute empyema.
2. Chronic infections like (Tuberculosis, Lung abscess)
3. Cancer of the lung involving the pleura
4. Foreign body in the pleural cavity (eg: drainage tube)
5. Inadequate drainage of the sub phrenic abscess
SYMPTOMS:
1. Recurrent chest pain and fever.
2. Weight loss
3. Anemia (less blood count hemoglobin)
4. Clubbing of fingers.
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
1. This is a life threatening condition usually relieved by drainage of pus.
Cervical Spondylitis
The person who coined the term ‘Pain in the neck’ must have surely experienced how annoying and troublesome neck pain can be and may be this is why he assigned it to people or tasks that cause trouble.
Affirming the same, statistics actually show that Cervical Spondylitis is indeed the commonest cause of neck pain in people above the age of 55 years! It goes without saying that this condition is mainly caused by age-related changes due to wear and tear that occur in the backbone (vertebrae) of the neck region.
Homeopathy can offer significant pain relief as well as good control of the other symptoms associated with this condition., our experience and expertise in treating this condition for the past 35 years has helped us to give good results in most cases. The holistic treatment has helped many patients to achieve good pain control and lead a better quality of life.
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DACRYOCYSTITIS
It is the inflammation of the lachrymal sac (in which tears collect). It usually occurs when the duct draining the tears into the nose is blocked.
CAUSES:
Congenital (since birth)-failure in canalization of the naso-lachrymal duct
Stricture of the naso-lachrymal duct due to narrowness of the bony canal
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa
Infection of the lachrymal sac
Deviated nasal septum
Pressure of a nasal polyp
Rarely due to tuberculous and syphilitic affections of the surrounding bones, leprosy
SYMPTOMS:
Congenital dacryocystitis
Watering of eyes
Purulent discharge at the inner canthus of the eye
Discharge of mucopurulent matter on applying pressure on the sac
Chronic dacryocystitis
Persistent watering of eyes
Redness of the conjunctiva
Discharge of fluid matter on pressure on the sac
Purulent discharge at the inner canthus of the eye
Localized swelling and pain
Acute dacryocystitis
Severe pain and sensation of heat over the sac area radiating over the frontal region
Watering of eyes
Fever
Swelling and redness of the skin over the sac area
Purulent discharge at the inner canthus of the eye
Edema of the lids and side of the nose
Redness of the conjunctiva
Swelling of the sub-maxillary lymph nodes
At times the abscess bursts on the skin surface and a fistula is formed
DO’S & DON’TS:
In infants the patency of the naso-lachrymal duct is achieved by pressure over the sac area but do not wait beyond the age of 2-6 months as it may cause complete blocking of the duct
DANDRUFF
Dry white flakes of skin on your scalp is known as dandruff. It is not a health risk whatsoever but is a source of embarrassment.
Some people have the wrong notion that it is because of bad hygiene or washing the hair often – this is a false belief. It is just that people having dandruff shed more skin then others.
However some dermatologists suggest that is caused by a yeast fungus that is believed to breed in a combination of sebaceous oil and dead skin cells.
CAUSES:
Some trigger factors may be:
A family history of dandruff
Excessive sweating of the scalp.
Excessive mental and physical stress.
Use of alkaline soaps.
Cold dry winter season.
Psoriasis of scalp.
Seborrhoeic dermatitis.
SYMPTOMS:
Flakes of skin which may be small and white or large greasy and yellow Itching on scalp, eyebrows, nose or ears.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
Softly massage your scalp when you shampoo or oil. This will help blood circulation and prevent skin from drying and cracking Use a mild shampoo only once or twice a week. Natural live yoghurt is recommended as a natural conditioner.
Avoid harsh hair dyes and hair creams.
Watch your diet and avoid too much of dairy products like cheese, paneer and also sea food, fatty food, excessive sugar. Avoid chocolates and nuts.
Supplements of Vitamin A and E help eliminate dandruff.
Avoid stress.
Yoga and regular exercise are always good to relative stress. Even though dandruff is dry flaking skin do not normally apply excessive oil as it may provide an environment for yeast to breed.
DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS (DVT)
Deep vein thrombosis is formation of a clot or thrombus in veins. It may be primary, non-inflammatory process or a secondary reaction to local or distant inflammatory process.
CAUSES:
Old age
Prolonged bed rest
Obesity
Varicose veins
Pregnancy
Post delivery in women
Oral contraceptive
Myocardial infarction
Congestive heart failure
Cancer of pancreas, lung
Inflammatory processes of the digestive tract
Nephrotic syndrome
Hip fracture
Homocystinemia
Surgery of abdomen and pelvis
Thrombocythemia (increased number of platelets in blood)
Polycythemia vera (increased number of red cell in blood)
Myelofibrosis (fibrosis of the bone marrow)
Deficiency of anticoagulants like Antithrombin III, Proteins C and S, Factor II or V leiden
SYMPTOMS:
Pain in calf and occasionally in ankle
Sensation of tightness in the calf
Deep calf tenderness
Occasional tenderness in the region of groin
Feeling of warmth in the affected leg
Fullness of superficial veins
Rise in temperature of the local area
Local edema (swelling)
Cyanosis or blue discoloration
Low-grade fever
DO’S & DON’TS:
Do gentle exercise of extremities while in bed
Elevate the legs by keeping a pillow etc. under the legs during sleep to reduce the oedema
consult physician if symptom pesists.
DEHYDRATION
CAUSE :
Loss of fluid from gastrointestinal tract as in
Diarrhoea
Vomiting
Gastric suction
Loss of fluid from urinary tract as in
Acute renal failure
Chronic renal failure
Diuretic therapy
Dialysis
Salt wasting renal disease
Loss of fluid from skin as in
Excessive sweating
Diabetes Mellitus with Ketoacidosis
Glycosuria
Lack of intake of fluid as in starvation or prolonged fasting
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
Giddiness.
Dry tongue.
Increased thirst.
Decreased urine or no urine.
Muscle cramps & fatigue.
Diminished skin turgor.
Tachycardia (increase pulse).
Diminished intraocular tension (sunken eyeballs).
Disorientation.
Drowsiness & paleness
DO’S & DON’TS:
Drink plenty of fluid during hot weather even if you do not feel thirsty.
Stop the vomiting, diarrhoea with proper medication
Drink beverages (preferably at room temperature) like water, fruit juice, soda that has been allowed to go flat Discontinue diuretics like alcohol, esp beer or any medication that causes increased water elimination like lasix.
ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTION
Make this at home by adding one glass water + 2 tsp sugar + 1 pinch salt + 1/2 lime. One glass to be taken after every stool and in case of vomiting, take slowly but frequently in sips.
See a Doctor if,
You are taking plenty of fluids but not passing urine High fever.
Persistent diarrhoea, vomiting.
Disorientation.
Rapid, weak pulse.
Cold, moist & perspiring skin.
IMPORTANT:
Infants & small children get dehydrated very quickly & can lead to serious health damage & even death.
Start oral rehydration & consult a doctor immediately if any one the above mentioned signs or symptoms are noticed.
DELIRIUM
Delirium is a short lasting mental disturbance, usually reflecting a toxic state, marked by illusions, hallucinations, delusions, excitement, restlessness and incoherence.
CAUSES:
-Postoperative lack of oxygenation to tissues
-Post-concussive states [after a violent shock or jar as a result of injury]
-Illness with fever: pneumonia
: Typhoid
: Malaria
: Rheumatic fever
: Septicemia [sepsis]
-Thyrotoxicosis
-Acute bacterial and tuberculous meningitis [infection involving the brain coverings]
-Subarachnoid hemorrhage
[bleeding in between the two coverings of the brain]
-Viral encephalitis or meningoencephalitis particularly herpes simplex encephalitis [Viral infection of the brain]
- Delirium after a fit [convulsion]
-Withdrawal of alcohol or drugs
[barbiturates and non barbiturates sedative drugs] following chronic intoxication
-Drug intoxications [camphor, caffeine, ergot, atropine etc]
SYMPTOMS:
-Difficulty in concentrating
-Restlessness
-Irritability
-Tremulousness
- Sleeplessness
-Poor appetite
- Fits [convulsions]
-Unpleasant and terrifying dreams or hallucinations
-Momentary disorientation [usually known by occasional inappropriate remarks]
-Clouded sensorium
-Inattentiveness
-Inability to perceive reality correctly
-Nonstop talking.
-Misinterprets the meaning of ordinary objects etc and has unpleasant, vivid visual, auditory and tactile hallucinations.
-Annoyed or threatened look.
-Initially, the patient can be brought back in touch with reality and answers questions correctly, but almost at once he relapses into the preoccupied, confused state.
-Answers incorrectly.
-Unable to think relevantly
-Incapable of self-orientation
-Does not recognize his family or physician.
-Coarse tremors of hands
- Restless movements
-Sleep disturbed, occurs only in brief naps
DO’S AND DON’TS:
-Preferably be in the company of known people as they are aware of the disease and can therefore handle the patient in situations of confusion, delusions or hallucinations
-Remain at home and avoid going out during the withdrawal of alcohol or drugs following chronic intoxication
-Eat nutritious food
-Avoid alcohol and smoking
-Maintain good, familiar living environment
-Walk regularly as walking is known to increase brain activity.
-Carry an identity card with phone number
DELIRIUM TREMENS (ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE/ WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME)
It is a psychosis caused by alcoholism, usually seen as a withdrawal syndrome in alcoholics i.e. it results in the development of withdrawal symptoms when alcohol intake ceases.
CAUSES:
1).Abstinence from alcohol
2).Precipitating factors-
: Head injury
: An acute infection causing abstinence from alcohol
SYMPTOMS:
-Anxiety
-Extreme fear and apprehension leading to aggressive, destructive and suicidal behavior
-Tremors
-Sweating
-Increase in the heart rate above normal
-Increase in blood pressure above normal
-Dysrrhythmias (deviation from the normal heart rhythm)
-fatigue, weakness
-Mental confusion
-Lack of sleep
-Vivid and terrifying visual and sensory hallucinations, often of animals, insects or with an unpleasant / threatening content etc
-Very occasionally, auditory hallucinations
-Disorientation in time and space
-Convulsions (fits) – uncomplicated grand mal type
-Severe cases can end fatally
DO’S AND DON’TS:
-Proper nutrition with adequate calories and vitamin B should be taken
-A substitute for alcohol can be suggested to lower alcohol dependency
-Provide powerful new sources of self-esteem and hope
-Counseling to change disturbed relationships to more stable ones is of great importance
-Encourage them to join the Alcoholic Anonymous (AA)
-Change in life style; find solutions to family problems or marital discord with the aid of somebody
DEMENTIA
It is a chronic brain disorder in which there is progressive decline in acquired intellect, behavior and personality.
CAUSATOIN:
- Parenchymatous brain disease like Alzheimer’s disease.
-Vascular causes are multi infarct pr sub cortical vascular dementia.
- Toxins like drugs, alcohol, analgesics, and psychotropic drugs.
- Infections like HIV, Neurosyphilis, etc.
- Metabolic causes can be hepatic encephalopathy, uremia.
- Endocrine is thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, adrenal dysfunction.
- Deficiency like pernicious anemia, pellagra, folic acid deficiency, thiamine deficiency.
- Neoplastic reasons are brain tumors, and other intracranial space occupying lesions.
- Traumatic causes like subdural hematoma, head injury.
- Pressure hydrocephalous.
- Age.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Memory loss.
- Difficulty learning and retaining new information.
- Executive deficits.
- Disorder of thought content like delusions.
- Disorder of perception (auditory and visual hallucination).
- Misidentification.
- Disorder of affect and behavior. Patient may develop depressive symptoms, hypo mania, aggression, wandering, agitation, hyper sexuality, hyper morality, and hyperphagia.
DO’S & DON’TS:
-When dealing with such patients the relatives and family members along with the treating physician should have patience and an empathic understanding of the patients difficulties.
- Assessment of clear precipitants like prompting personal care e.g. toileting.
- Social interaction and activity with the patients.
TREATMENT:
- Use of specific drugs when indicated.
- Psychiatric treatment.
DENGUE FEVER
It is a viral infection where man is the reservoir & disease is transmitted by mosquitoes.
CAUSATION:
Aedes aegypti virus is transmitted by mosquitoes.
The mosquitoes breed on collected water. So this disease is common in tropical & costal regions.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Initially it starts with severe weakness & headaches.
. Then there is onset of fever.
. Generalized pain in the body.
. Intense backache
. Painful movements of eyes.
. Photophobia
. Conjunctival irritation with lacrymation
. No appetite (anorexia)
. Nausea
. Vomiting
. Loss of sleep (insomnia)
.Total prostration.
. Continuous fever (saddleback fever)
. Decrease pulse rate.
. Increased cervical lymph nodes.
. On investigations decreased WBC count.
. If the disease is prolonged scarlet, morbiliform rash appear during fever.
. In some cases bleeding starts in the form of petechiae, ecchymosis (capillary bleeding under the skin), from nose (epistaxis), bleeding from rectum. All these can lead to circulatory failure.
DOS & DON’TS OF THE DISEASE:
. Breeding places of mosquitoes must be destroyed.
. Nets must be used for the protection from mosquitoes.
. Cleanliness of the surrounding is a must.
TREATMENT:
. Fluid replacement
. Blood transfusion if required.
. For fever & other symptoms contact the physician.
DEPRESSION
A low feeling with sadness and loss of interest in regular and social responsibilities constitute depression. Causes of depression vary from a sudden change of lifestyle, mental emotional stress, medication, hormonal changes and after infections like flu and typhoid.
SYMPTOMS:
Persistent sadness and hopelessness.
A feeling of worthlessness, helplessness.
Tremendous amount of guilt.
Anxiety, irritability and agitation.
Desire to cry often
Loss of interest in daily activities.
Poor memory and concentration.
Change in sleep pattern .
Increase or decrease in appetite and weight.
Lack of energy and easy fatigue.
Thoughts of suicide or death.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Do not start antidepressants on your own. Get yourself investigated for other causes of depression from a qualified physician.
Relaxation techniques, regular exercises like aerobics and yoga help relax both mind and body.
Regular meditation is useful. Begin by sitting in acomfortable position. with your back straight and your eyes closed. Choose a word such as "Aum" and repeat it silently to yourself. A busy schedule helps but do not overwork in keeping the mind occupied.
A diet of whole grains, lean meat, fresh fruit and vegetables, low fat dairy products and vitamin B complex and selenium helps. Take plenty of carbohydrates.
Identifying the cause of depression is the first step in overcoming it. Confront the cause and treat each problem separately – they will begin to appear less overwhelming. It is good to talk. Admitting you are unable to handle the problem alone may be difficult, but involving another person or a support group may be helpful. Discuss your greivances rather than bottling them up.
DERMOID CYST
Dermoid cysts are cysts containing hair, hair follicles and sebaceous glands usually found at sites making the fusion of developing sections of the body in the embryo. These are epidermal cysts.
CAUSES & TYPES:
Congenital (since birth): Sequestration dermoids, Tubulodermoids, Teratodermoids in ovaries, testis etc
The commonest site of Sequestration dermoids are outer canthus of the eye, behind the ear, in the midline at the root of the nose, on the skull at the sites of fusion of skull bones, in the midline of neck.
Tubulodermoid cysts occur in the thyroglossal duct, post anal duct and in the neuroectoderm of the brain.
Acquired: Implantation dermoids. They result from traumatic implantation of skin element into the deeper tissues e.g. Needle prick. They commonly occur in the pulp of fingers, palm of hand and more in people who often get pricks like tailors, gardeners etc.
SYMPTOMS:
Painless
The skin over the swelling is free but the swelling is attached to deeper tissues
The consistency of the swelling is firm.
DIABETES
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder in which there is increase in the level of blood glucose and/or excessive excretion of glucose in the urine.
A decreased or deficient supply of insulin is the cause. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas and it’s main role is to check the levels of glucose in the blood.
Diabetes is of 2 types.
Type I diabetes also known as Insulin Dependent Diabetes. This is due to shortage of insulin.
Type II diabetes also known as Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes.
This is due to body’s inability to process insulin. Juvenile Diabetes is a Type 1 Diabetes present in some persons since birth.
Normal glucose levels: Fasting: 80 – 110.
Post meals upto 140.
CAUSES:
Mostly diabetes is hereditary.
Other causes which predispose to diabetes are : Obesity,
Pregnancy (temporary), severe illness, severe infection with
virus (e.g. mumps) & dietary factors
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:
Increase in frequency of urine especially at night where a person has to get up 5-6 times to urinate. Increased thirst.
Dry mouth
Loss of weight
Irritability & fatigue
Blurring of vision
Headaches
Frequent infections.
Non-healing wounds.
Impotency in men and frequent vaginal infection in female.
Diabetes affects really all the system. If not controlled it
affects –
i) Blood vessels of eyes- causing damage.
ii) In arteries causes fat deposition which reduce blood supply to distant parts.
iii) In case of injury – it causes infections which may lead to gangrene.
iv) Kidney is also affected.
v) Heart is also affected with uncontrolled diabetes. e.g.
Hypertension, heart attack
DO’S AND DON’TS:
Follow your doctors advice regularly and have a regular follow-up.
Do not stop or alter medication on your own. Avoid sugar / and things which have an increased sugar content Avoid alcohol, smoking.
Avoid high calories diet e.g. oil food buttered food,etc.
Exercise regularly. Walk at least for 45 minutes daily. Maintain your optimum weight – reduces chances of Diabetes Have lots of Salads instead of oily food. While going out, take a packet of biscuits with you. If you feel giddy then have 1 or 2 biscuits.
Take extra care for your foot. In case of any bruise of cuts, blisters swelling see your doctor immediately. Cut toe nails regularly . Do not walk bare footed. Wear a good padded footwear. Do not take appetite suppressants to control your weight. They increase blood sugar levels.
Fish oil also increase blood sugar levels.
Nutrition and Diet in Diabetics.
Low calorie and low fat diet.
Avoid oily foods.
Have plenty of salads.
Avoid vegetables which grow underground, eg. potatoes, onions. Fruits like Chikoo, mango, bananas should be avoided and in any case don’t have the whole fruit but have a single slice in a day. Karela (Bitter gourd) juice is beneficial.
Avoid tea, coffee and cocoa.
Avoid chocolates, pasteries, jam, sweets.
DIABETES INSIPIDUS
It is a clinical condition where there is a failure of vasopressin (hormone secreted by hypothalamus) action to maintain the osmolality of body fluids which results in large volumes of urine and compensatory increase in thirst.
CAUSES:
Brain tumors
Head injuries
Infections like meningitis, tuberculoma, encephalitis
Genetic
Rarely thrombocytopenic purpura, radiotherapy for brain tumors
SYMPTOMS:
Sudden increased frequency of urine (3-10 litres/day)
Frequency of urine at night
Passing of large volumes of dilute urine (specific gravity <1002)
Continuous thirst
Excessive intake of chilled or iced drinks
Dehydration in severe cases
Night sweats in atypical cases
Weight loss
DO’S & DON’TS:
Drink adequate water when thirsty
CONSULT DOCTOR:
When there are signs of dehydration
When the patient becomes unconscious
DIABETIC FOOT
In diabetics, the foot is highly vulnerable both, because of vascular disease, which makes the foot pulseless, and, neuropathy that results in a painless foot.
CAUSES:
1.Trophic changes resulting from peripheral inflammation of nerves
2). Atheroma (a mass or plaque of degenerated thickened arterial lining) of the arteries resulting in lack of blood supply
3). Excess of sugar in the tissues which lowers their resistance to infection including fungal infections
4). Precipitating factors
-Injury: The neuropathic factor impairs the sensation and thus favors the neglect of minor injuries
-Infections: Neglecting of infections is very often due to the painlessness that results from the neuropathic changes. Inflammation and damage to the tissues too are ignored easily.
SYMPTOMS:
-Deformity of the foot
-Development of callosities and corns over prominences and pressure points
-Perforating ulcers on the balls of the toes below the head of the metatarsals
-Indolent, non-healing ulcers
-Gangrene is 50 times more common in diabetics
DO’S AND DON’TS:
-They should be very careful about the hygiene of their feet. They should wash, dry and powder their feet daily
-They should scrupulously avoid injury to the foot by trauma, application of heat or exposure to freezing temperatures
-Make special shoes to fit the deformed foot
-Control the diabetes by maintaining a strict diet as told by the doctor
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
-Cleaning off the necrotic (dead) tissue and dressing of wounds, ulcers etc
- Bring the earliest symptoms to the notice of your doctor as soon as they appear. Proper and timely management of lesions of the foot can avoid the need for amputation.
DIAPER RASH
CAUSES:
Irritation of the skin by the diaper.
Allergy to soap which is used to clean the babies diaper.
Food allergies.
Keeping the diaper area moist – not drying it properly.
Urine & Stool left in contact with the skin for too long.
Fungal infection.
Excessive bathing.
Any clothing that limits the circulation of air around the body.
SYMPTOMS:
Redness over the diaper area – genitals, buttocks & thighs but not on the abdomen.
Tight paper like skin.
Shiny bright red skin.
A strong smell of ammonia.
In boys – inflamed penis.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Keep the baby’s skin dry & clean.
Change the baby’s diaper as soon as it becomes soiled. Wash the baby’s diaper in hot water and wash thoroughly using soap or bleach to remove all traces of stool. Let the baby be without diaper as for as possible.
Use cotton under garments for the baby. At the first sign of redness, wash the body’s bottom with warm water & dry it thoroughly.
Don’t use soap if that is causing irritation, wipe with baby oil instead.
If the entire diaper area is red & irritated, the child may be allergic to the detergent – change it and see. Avoid plastic diaper covers which trap moisture. Use disposable diaper liners which allow the urine to pass through the diaper while keeping the body’s skin dry.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR IF:
If there is no improvement in 3-4 days & you also see white patches in the babies mouth.
The rash has a yellowish hue & is also present behind the ears or under the arms.
The diaper area is covered with blisters that leave shallow red sores.
The baby-boy’s penis is swollen, red & the foreskin cannot be retracted or you notice a greenish discharge from the penis.
DIARRHOEA
Commonly known as loose motions, it is the frequent passage of loose or watery unformed stools.
CAUSES:
Infection, which maybe bacterial, viral or parasitic.
Drugs. As side effects of antibiotics, etc.
Consumption of contaminated or stale food.
Food allergy.
Chronic or over consumption of alcohol.
Overeating esp. a rich fatty diet.
Organic diseases like Ulcerative colitis, malabsorption of various foodstuffs like milk, coffee, wheat, etc. Other chronic diseases like irritable bowel syndrome, AIDS, etc. Emotions. Stress induced diarrhoea (e.g. before exams) is also very common.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
Common presenting factors are frequent passage of loose voluminous, watery stool with adbominal pain and flatulence. Sometimes associated with vomiting and low grade fever also. Later on there can be signs of dehydration like drowsiness, paleness, muscle cramps, fatigue, disorientation, decreased urination and fast pulse.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Avoid solid food for atleast 24 hours.
Drink plenty of fluids like boiled water or lemon water with sugar and salt or 2 tbsp of apple or carrot juice every 15-30 minutes. Take oral electrolyte solutions like dioralyte from your chemist.
Buttermilk and coconut water can also be taken. Barley water mixed with equal quantity of skimmed milk is a good substitute. Eat light food like boiled rice or khichdi (porridge), dry toast, veg. soups and juices, when symptoms subside. Curds, stewed apples, boiled potatoes, boiled eggs, arrowroot kanji, chinagrass and ripe bananas can be taken. Avoid other milk products, raw food, non-veg, spicy and seasoned food till complete recovery.
Avoid drinking or eating at unhygienic places like roadside vendors.
In children, Infants and small children get dehydrated very fast, which can lead to a serious situation. Start oral rehydration as soon as the child has diarrhoea.
In one glass of water (250 ml) add 2 tbsp sugar and one pinch of salt. You can add 1/2 a lemon juice also. Drink plenty of fluids like boiled water or lemon water with sugar and salt or 2 tbsp of apple or carrot juice every 15-30 minutes. Take oral electrolyte solutions like dioralyte from your chemist.
Buttermilk and coconut water can also be taken. Barley water mixed with equal quantity of skimmed milk is a good substitute. Eat light food like boiled rice or khichdi (porridge), dry toast, veg. soups and juices, when symptoms subside. Curds, stewed apples, boiled potatoes, boiled eggs, arrowroot kanji, chinagrass and ripe bananas can be taken. Avoid other milk products, raw food, non-veg, spicy and seasoned food till complete recovery.
Avoid drinking or eating at unhygienic places like roadside vendors.
In children,
Infants and small children get dehydrated very fast, which can lead to a serious situation. Start oral rehydration as soon as the child has diarrhoea.
In one glass of water (250 ml) add 2 tbsp sugar and one pinch of salt. You can add 1/2 a lemon juice also. Avoid self medication . Continue breast feeding and add extra food supplements if the child is being weaned. Breast milk will provide immunity to the child.
Diarrhoea during dentition is due to the child putting contaminated matter in the mouth and not due to dentition. Sterilize the bottle or feeder thoroughly before giving to the child. Wean him/her off the feeder as soon as possible.
Consult your doctor if,
Signs of dehydration appear
Diarrhoea persists for more than two days
DIPHTHERIA
It is an acute infectious disease caused by Cornybacterium diptheriae which mainly affects the upper respiratory tract but also may affect skin, eyes, ears, genitalia and mucous membrane of the mouth. In severe forms it affects heart, kidneys, brain and leads to paralysis. It commonly occurs between the age groups of 2-10 years. It is prevalent in autumn and winter. It is a contagious disease.
CAUSES:
Direct transmission: from one person to another through sneezing, coughing, speaking, kissing etc
Indirect transmission: through throat spatulas (doctor’s examination), thermometer, drinking or eating utensils
Dust and fomites
SYMPTOMS:
Faucial diphtheria
Sore throat
Body ache
Fever
Loss of appetite
Vomiting occasionally
Formation of a membrane on the tonsils, palate etc (can be seen only on proper examination by a doctor)
Laryngeal diphtheria
Cough
Hoarseness of voice
Difficulty in breathing in
Anxious restlessness
Sweating
Cyanosis in later stages (blueness)
Nasal diphtheria
Running nose
Bloody or yellowish discharge from nose
DO’S & DON’TS:
The patient suffering should be kept in an isolated room
Careful watch should be kept on patients as there may be a laryngeal obstruction which can cause death
CONSULT DOCTOR:
When there are signs of breathlessness and cyanosis as this could be a medical emergency
DIPLOPIA
Diplopia means ‘double vision’. There is simultaneous awareness of two images of one object. It is due to disturbance in the synchronized movements of the muscles that move the eye ball. It can be binocular when both the eyes remain open or uniocular when only one eye remains open.
CAUSES:
Binocular diplopia
Paralysis of the extra -ocular muscle (muscle of the ball)
Displacement of the eyeball as by pressure of the finger or space occupying lesion in the orbit like orbital tumor
Restriction of the movement of the eye ball due to pterygium (triangular overgrowth of the cornea)
Uniocular diplopia
Displacement of lens
Double pupil due to peripheral iridectomy (operation in which a part of the iris is removed)
Iridodialysis caused by injury to the eye
Cataract
Hysteria
Other causes
Myasthenia gravis
Migraine
Tumors of the brain
Tumor at the base of skull
Brain hemorrhage
Brain abscess
Botulism
Tubercular meningitis
Thyrotoxic opthalmoplegia
SYMPTOMS:
Object appear double
Associated blurred vision
Headache occasionally
CONSULT DOCTOR:
If the diplopia persists for few days consult your doctor as it may be necessary to investigate some deeper cause.
DISC PROLAPSE OR SLIPPED DISC
The discs are the shock absorbers of the spine. They are pieces of cartilage which separate the vertebrae and help to cushion them. The discs have a soft pulpy centre , which may bulge or burst out through the tough outer portion & irritate adjacent ligaments or a nerve root.
CAUSE:
Sometimes results from strenuous activity esp. if it is sudden, as on lifting something heavy or twisting around violently Generally it comes about gradually, more often between the ages of 20 & 50
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
Agonizing back pain of sudden onset.
Restriction of movements of back.
The pain may go down to the legs and it is sharp, shooting and electric-like.
Numbness and tingling of affected leg or foot.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Do not lift very heavy weights by bending at the waist. Always kneel down or flex the knees and keep your back straight while bending to lift something.
Avoid sudden, jerky, twisting back movements as in over-reaching, tennis playing, etc.
Reduce weight as it puts strain on back muscles/ligaments.
Regular exercise for back help regain muscle tone. Improve posture. Avoid slouched posture with head down, shoulders stooped and tense. Aim for keeping the balance of the head on top of the spine.
Do not sleep on a mattress that sags. Make sure that your bed is firm and flat.
Use a hot water bottle or heat lamp when in pain. Do not overstrain if pain is severe. Take rest and never take more than the manufacturers recommended dose of painkillers. Do not exercise when pain is severe. Wait for the pain to abate.
CONSULT THE DOCTOR:
Before you start any exercise regime.
If you experience sharp, shooting pains down the legs.
DISPLACMENT OF UTERUS
It is the descent of the uterus from the vagina and is called uterine prolapse
CAUSATION:
1) Weakness of the ligaments and muscles on the pelvis, which support and keep the uterus in its place. This condition when seen in young girls is congenital.
2) Trauma to the pelvic muscles makes the uterus get displaced form its normal position.
3) Childbirth is an important cause during which prolapse occurs if there is too much stretching and tearing of the perineum.
4) Early bearing down during labour when head of the baby is not come down at the level of the cervix.
5) Improper management during delivery.
6) Under nutrition can cause weakness of pelvic muscles and cause prolapse during childbearing period.
7) Increased pressure in the abdomen due to reasons like chronic cough, constipation, heavy weight lifting, dysentery.
8) Fibroids (tumors in the uterus) Bulky uterus can pull the uterus down from its place.
9) As a complication of uterine surgeries.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
1) Patient complains of a sensation as if something is coming out of the vagina., especially while standing, straining
2) Lower backache, which is relieved by rest.
3) White discharge from the vagina, which sometimes can be mixed with blood.
4) General health is poor and weakness is felt on exertion.
5) Anemia.
6) Sometimes along with displacement of uterus there maybe prolapse of rectum and the bladder.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
1) Straining at stools should be avoided
2) Chronic cough and constipation and dysentery should be treated
3) Avoid lifting heavy weights.
4) Correction of malnutrition and improving anemia and general health.
5) Avoid bearing down prematurely in labor before head has come down considerably.
6) Proper management during delivery.
DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION (DIC)
It is an acquired bleeding disorder, which can be acute or chronic in onset. It is clinically severe with depletion of multiple clotting factors. The platelets are also reduced in number.
CAUSES:
-Malarial parasites
-Bacteria-sepsis, infantile diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, meningococcal, pnuemococcal
-Virus-dengue, chicken pox, viral hepatitis etc
-Carcinoma (cancer)
-Leukemia (blood cancer)
-Giant cavernous hemangiomas (tumors of blood vessels)
-Gastrointestinal ulceration
-Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis
– Acute hyperparathyroidism
-Cardiac arrest
-Dissecting aneurysm
-Respiratory distress syndrome
– After surgery
-Trauma following extensive burns, heat or electricity
-Heat stroke
-Massive trauma
-Certain drugs and biological products like trypsin
-Snake venom (Russel’s viper, Echis carinatus)
-Obstetrical complications:
: Abortion (septic, retained fetus)
: Eclampsia and pre-eclampsia
: Placenta previa
: Premature placental separation
: Hydatidiform mole
-Spontaneous –of unknown cause
SYMPTOMS :
-Bleeding from various sites such as digestive tract, genitourinary tract, and from all injection sites
-Intracranial (in the skull) bleeding
-Shock: Helpless, anxious look
: Disorientation of time and space
: Low, whispering speech
: Extremities are cold and clammy
: Scanty urination
: Fast, shallow breathing
: Thirst increased
: No desire to talk or move
DO’S AND DON’TS:
-Allay anxiety of the patient.
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
As immediate hospitalization is mandatory
DIVERTICULITIS (INTESTINAL)
It is inflammation of the diverticulum (a sac formed through a defect in the muscular coat of the intestine). It occurs more in men than in women.
CAUSES:
Retention of undigested food particles and bacteria in the diverticula
SYMPTOMS:
Lower abdominal pain which is worse after passing stools
Fever
Tenderness of the abdomen
Constipation
Bleeding from rectum occasionally
Acute pain in abdomen, shock in case of perforation (rupture) of the intestine
DO’S & DON’TS:
Take adequate bed rest
Take soft diet or liquid diet
Take food rich in fibre like fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains
Avoid fats, refined food like plain flour, polished rice etc
CONSULT DOCTOR:
When there is severe pain in abdomen not responding to the current line of treatment. It could be a medical emergency if there is a perforation in the intestine
DIZZINESS
It is the sensation of spinning or things spinning around you.
The attacks are usually over in less than 30 seconds.
Causes range from hypertension, stroke, inflammed ear or nerve cervical spondylosis.
SYMPTOMS:
Sudden sensation at the rate of spinning which is over in a flash. It may be associated with loss of balance. or even associated with paralysis, numbness, blurred vision, and co-ordination problems.
DO’S & DON’TS:
If you are a patient of hypertension, do not get up suddenly from a lying down position.
Avoid sudden jerky movements.
Do not undertake long distance traveling, driving, swimming unless accompanied by someone aware of your condition. Enrich your diet with Vitamins especially B Complex. Include low fat dairy products in diet.
Do not neglect dizziness especially if it is associated with other symptom.
Do not self medicate. Consult a physician.
DOWN’S SYNDROME
It is also called as Trisomy 21 syndrome or Mongolism. This phenotype produced by the presence of an extra chromosome 21, is characteristic and easily diagnosed from birth.
CAUSES:
-Genetic
-In normally developed adults who have repeated spontaneous abortion or subnormal fertility, with or without live-born children
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
-Mental deficiency
-Short stature
– Diminished muscular tone
-Short neck
-Mouth hanging open
-Oblique orbital fissures
-Flat nasal bridge
-Small simple or folded ears
– Involuntary, rapid movement of the eyeballs
-Short, wide head (brachycephaly)
-Narrow palate
-Short broad hands with incurving fifth fingers
-Gaps between first and second toes
-Characteristic dermatoglyphics (patterns of the ridges of the skin of the fingers, palms toes and the soles)
-Infection of the eyelids
-Straight pubic hair
-Abnormal teeth
-A protruding furrowed tongue
-High-arched palate
-Loose skin of the neck
-Transverse palmer creases
-Hyper flexibility of joints
DO’S AND DON’TS:
-Treat them with patience and respect. Do not laugh at them or encourage others to do the same.
-They should be admitted to special schools. This avoids them from being a laughing stock among normal children and helps to explore their individual aibilities (handicraft, drawing etc).
-Educate friends to include them in their play, avoid teasing them and to be patient with them as they have a poor comprehension.
-Allow them to indulge in their hobbies.
-Toilet train them patiently
-Educate young girls about menstruation
-Do not leave such children with strangers because sexual abuse is often known.
-Provide sex education to these children to avoid abuse.
DUPUYTREN’S CONTRACTURE
It is a clinical condition where there is a flexion contracture of one or more of the fingers from thickening and shortening of the palmer aponeurosis (a thin but tough membrane whose fibers radiate from the front of the wrist into the phalanges of the fingers. The aponeurosis becomes thickened and slowly contracts drawing the fingers into flexion. The flexion deformity mainly affects the ring and little fingers and the middle finger to a less extent. At times it even affects the foot in a similar way. It affects men more than women and often both the hands are affected.
CAUSES:
Hereditary predisposition
Injury in a predisposed person
Increased incidence in epileptics
SYMPTOMS:
Initially there is a detection of small-thickened nodule in the mid palm opposite the base of the ring finger, which eventually gives rise to a cord like band that extends into the ring and little finger.
Skin adherent to it is puckered
Difficult extension movement of the finger joints
DYSARTHRIA
It is a defect in proper articulation of speech due to disturbances of muscular control resulting from damage to the Central Nervous System (related to brain) and Peripheral Nervous System. The patient is able to hear, read and write but unable to utter a single intelligible word. The mental functions are intact but there is purely disorder of the muscles of articulation.
CAUSES:
Lower motor neuron paralysis
Stroke
Parkinsonism
Poliomyelitis
Infectious polyneuritis
Facial palsy
Injuries to tongue and lips
Psychological
SYMPTOMS:
Slurring speech
Whispering speech (no voice)
Reduced volume of speech
Difficulty in pronouncing palatals like (Na, nk, ng), labio dentals like (F, S, Th, V), the linguals like (D, L, R, T) and labials like (B, M, P, W)
Speech sounds like that of a ‘Donald duck’
Stuttering an stammering
Hoarseness
Slow, monotonous and low-pitched speech in Parkinson’s
Grimaces (peculiar facial expressions)
DO’S & DON’TS:
Reassurance and positive program of speech rehabilitation helps the patient to recover well
DYSENTERY
Large number of soft stools (loose motions) containing blood and mucus is called dysentery. It is of two types:
1. Bacillary dysentery-caused by infection due to bacteria.
2. Amoebic dysentery-caused by infection due to amoeba.
CAUSES:
Ingestion of contaminated food and water. Also through person to person contact i.e. if you use towels, or share food with a infected person.
Crowded places are common source of infection.
Low socioeconomic status – because of the bad hygienic conditions
SYMPTOMS:
Can begin with mild loose motions and can step up to 20 stools per day.
Abdominal pain. (Griping pain in stomach).
Blood and mucus in stools.
Fever.
Vomiting.
Weakness.
Other symptoms depending on the organ involved e.g. liver – jaundice, lungs-breathlessness, cough.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Maintain personal cleanliness.
Always wash your hands before handling food material and before eating meals and also always after using a lavatory. Do not grow your nails. Always trim them regularly.
Do clean your kitchen space before cooking.
Boil your water before drinking.
Keep your waste basket away from the food material. Do not collect waste for days. Dispose it off as soon as it is collected.
During the course of infection take plenty of liquids-particularly those like vegetable juices because they are rich in minerals and salts and help to replace lost body fluids. Avoid solid foods and stick to light bland diet-Khichri, Rice/dal, Kanji etc.
Do not eat raw food or half cooked food. See to it that the food is properly cooked.
Don’t leave hot, cooked food in a warm place – it helps bacteria to grow on such food.
Combat dehydration by
Drink plenty of fluids like boiled water or lemon water with sugar and salt or 2 tbsp of apple or carrot juice every 15-30 minutes. Take oral electrolyte solutions like dioralyte from your chemist.
Buttermilk and coconut water can also be taken. Barley water mixed with equal quantity of skimmed milk is a good substitute. Eat light food like boiled rice or khichdi (porridge), dry toast, veg. soups and juices, when symptoms subside. Curds, stewed apples, boiled potatoes, boiled eggs, arrowroot kanji, chinagrass and ripe bananas can be taken. Avoid other milk products, raw food, non-veg, spicy and seasoned food till complete recovery.
Avoid drinking or eating at unhygienic places like roadside vendors.
In children,
Infants and small children get dehydrated very fast, which can lead to a serious situation. Start oral rehydration as soon as the child has diarrhoea.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
If the attack is severe and you are passing more than 3-4/stools per day.
If there is blood in your stool.
If the pain increasing and is unbearable.
DYSFUNCTIONAL UTERINE BLEEDING (DUB)
This is an excessive uterine bleeding, which has no organic cause (systemic, hematological or pelvic).
CAUSES:
-Failure of blood vessels to contract due to excessive secretion of PGE2
-Excessive fibrinolysis with failure of formation of secondary thrombotic plug
-Inhibition of platelet aggregation and dilatation of endometrial blood vessels due to excessive secretion of PGI2
-Defect in spiral vessels
-Increase in endometrial lysosomal enzymes with excessive formation of prostanoids
- Environment, stress, under nutrition and anxiety states affects the endometrial vascular system
-Polycystic ovarian disease
-Endometrial hyperplasia (abnormal increase in number of normal endometrial cells)
-Corpus luteal abnormalities
SYMPTOMS:
-Excessive menstruation
-Abnormal, frequent menses
-Excessive uterine bleeding at and between menstrual periods
-Prolonged, painless menses often preceded by a period of amenorrhea (absence or abnormal stoppage of bleeding)
-Symptoms of severe anemia like weakness, palpitation
DO’S AND DON’TS:
- Create a favorable environment
-Anxieties or stress needs to be taken care in order to treat DUB
-Correct the nutritional deficiency with a balanced diet
-Consume food rich in iron to correct the anemia due to severe blood loss
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
-To find out the cause and appropriate subsequent treatment
-For blood transfusion in cases where the blood loss is too much.
DYSMENORRHOEA
Painful menstruation is termed dysmenorrhoea. Severe dysmenorrhoea is most prevalent in young single women leading sedentary life. Though it may be normal & physiological but it may also be caused by uterine polyps, fibroids and Intra-uterine contraceptive devices.
SYMPTOMS:
Pain in back and lower abdomen 3-5 days before menses which may or may not be relieved by menstrual flow. Severe excruciating abdomen pain lasting for a short time on the first day of menses and may produce nausea, vomiting, fainting.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Do not over exert during menstrual cycle like lifting weight, jogging, etc.
Take rest and alter your schedule to do light activity. Take a nourishing diet containing Vitamin B complex, Calcium and Magnesium.
Avoid heavy meals. Replace with 4 small meals at frequent intervals.
Take plenty of vegetables and fresh fruit. These help correct constipation.
Avoid excess of sugar, salt and caffeine.
Yoga helps relax mind and body.
CONSULT A DOCTOR:
In case of severe pain or other associated symptoms.
DYSPAREUNIA
Dyspareunia is painful and difficult sexual act. It may lead to inability to practice coitus. Although it is usually complained by the female but at times even the male may suffer from it. Normally in dyspareunia there is one-third of organic cause and two-thirds of psychological cause.
CAUSES:
Male
Obesity
Psychological impotence
Phimosis (constriction of the orifice of the prepuce [fore skin of the penis] so that it cannot be drawn back
Painful soreness of the penis
Ignorance about the act of coitus
Female
Initial attempts on coitus may be normally painful
Obesity
Psychological vaginismus (painful spasm of vagina)
Fear of pregnancy
Virilism (presence of male characteristics in female)
Anal fissure and hemorrhoids
Painful perineal scar after childbirth
Painful tight hymen (membranous fold covering the vaginal orifice)
Cystourethritis
Vaginitis
Narrow introitus (vaginal opening)
Vaginal stenosis following any operation
Endometriosis
Prolapsed ovaries
DO’S & DON’TS:
Sex educate yourself as ignorance is one of the major cause
Both the partners should reassure each other and give a lot of emotional support to one another
Reduce weight if obesity is one of the causes
DYSPEPSIA
Improper function of digestion is known as dyspepsia.
CAUSES:
Eating too much and too quickly is one of the main causes of dyspepsia.
Eating a diet rich in fatty food, smoking, alcohol and drinks containing too much caffeine also cause dyspepsia. Increase in the acid content of the stomach due to intestinal diseases, Stress and certain drugs like antibiotics. Liver diseases.
Tuberculosis.
SYMPTOMS:
Pain in the centre or left of upper abdomen, which usually
increases
after meals.
Nausea and Vomiting.
Loss of appetite.
Sometimes diarrhoea or constipation.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Maintain personal hygiene wash your hand before eating and after using the bathroom.
Avoid over eating. Take small meals instead of a single time large meal.
Avoid fatty food during an acute attack of dyspepsia i.e. avoid animal products and dairy products.
Take a light diet consisting of porridge, rice, kanji.
Take plenty of fluids.
Take a diet of fresh vegetables and fruits.
Avoid taking those drugs which give rise to the problem.
Avoid stress. Yoga and meditation help in relieving stress.
Avoid alcohol.
Regular exercise will help to maintain good health.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
If this symptoms last for around 3-4 days.
If there is severe diarrhoea.
If there is passage of blood with stools.
If there is significant loss of weight.
If you frequently keep on getting the above symptoms.
DYSPHAGIA
Difficulty in swallowing solids or liquids is called dysphagia
CAUSES:
- Enlarged tonsils
– Cancer of the oral cavity
– Fungal infection of the mouth
– Cerebro-vascular accidents
– Motor neuron disease [a nerve disorder]
– Myasthenia gravis [fatigue and exhaustion of the muscular system with progressive muscular paralysis]
– Parkinsonism [a group of neurological disorder marked by diminished motor activity, tremor and muscular rigidity]
– Pharyngo-esophageal diverticulum [pouch/sac]
– Pharyngeal pouch
– Post-cricoid web
– Achalasia [failure of the sphincter at the junction of the esophagus and the stomach, to relax]
– Diffuse esophageal spasm
– Abnormal course of subclavian artery
– Oesophagitis
– Peptic stricture
– External compression from mediastinal masses
– Dilated left atrium [chamber of heart] in mitral stenosis
SYMPTOMS:
- Difficulty in swallowing solids or liquids or both.
– Nasal regurgitation or cough, while swallowing
– Difficulty in swallowing when watched by others [in Parkinsonism]
– Sensation of fullness in the middle of the chest with a feeling as if the food had stopped somewhere along the esophagus.
– Regurgitation relieves pain and fullness in the centre of the chest.
– Cough.
– Need to drink water while eating.
DO’S & DON’TS:
- Eat semisolid or mashed food.
– Drink sips of water while eating in order to push the food down the esophagus.
– Do not speak while eating.
– Eat your food very slowly.
– Chew the food well.
– Eat small quantities of food at regular intervals.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
- If the intake of food reduces drastically
DYSPNOEA
Dyspnoea is a term used for a feeling of labored or unnaturally difficult breathing.
CAUSES:
-Muscular weakness as in poliomyelitis or myasthenia (exhaustion of the muscular system with progressive muscular paralysis)
-Skeletal fixation as from marked chest wall deformity or spondylitis.
-Hydrothorax
-Pneumothorax
-Ascites or marked abdominal distension due to other causes
-Tracheal or bronchial obstruction
-Pulmonary congestion (abnormal accumulation of blood in lungs)
-Pulmonary fibrosis
-Emphysema (pathological collection of air in the lungs)
-Extensive inflammatory disease of the lung parenchyma
-High altitude
-Anemia
-Cardiac failure
-Diabetic acidosis (pathological condition resulting in accumulation of acid in the body)
-Nephritic acidosis
-Psychic
SYMPTOMS:
-Difficulty in breathing at rest or on mild or severe exertion
-Difficulty while talking
DO’S AND DON’TS:
-Do not walk fast or run.
-Take rest and do not exert much if the complaint is severe.
-Work at a slow pace.
-Avoid being in polluted areas.
CALL THE DOCTOR:
-If the breathlessness is too severe
» E
EARACHE
Earache may be due to a number of diseases of either the earlobe, ear cavity, behind the ear drum or it may be a referred pain due to disease somewhere else e.g. in the mouth cavity, nose etc.
It is one of the common problems of childhood and is one of the most unpleasant pains to bear.
CAUSES:
Trauma to the outer ear, ear cavity or ear drum which may be due to direct hits or using a pin or matchstick to clean the ear. Infection of the ear either bacterial, fungal, viral.
Boils inside or outside the ear.
Wax in ear.
Any foreign body in the ear cavity e.g. beads,seeds,insects etc.
Mumps.
Referred pain may be due to tonsillitis,tooth decay/caries, tooth abscess, cold and cough, sinusitis.
SYMPTOMS:
Pain in the ear.
Discharge from the ear.
Swelling.
Redness.
Skin erosion.
Altered hearing.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Clean the ear regularly with ear buds as a preventive measure.
Ear buds can also cause problems if not used cautiously. Avoid putting a pin or matchstick inside the ear to remove wax or any foreign body.
Always dry your ear properly after a bath as water left inside can cause infection.
In case of sore throat warm water gargles will soothe the throat and relieve ear pain also.
In case of nose block, sinusitis, steam inhalations will help to relieve the nose block and increase the discharges thus relieve ear pain.
In case of ear pain do not self medicate. Do not put anything inside the ear for e.g. warm oil etc. until you have seen a doctor.
Do not let water enter your ear during ear pain, if it happens then clean and dry your ear properly.
Do not blow your nose too strongly during earache as it may increase the pain.
Do not try on your own to remove any foreign body from the ear as you may cause damage to the ear canal or eardrum
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
If there is any type of ear pain.
If there is a foreign body stuck inside the ear.
If there is any discharge from the ear.
If the wax is impacted in your ear.
ECTHYMA
The infection that spreads to the lower layers of skin (dermis)
CAUSES:
1. Poor hygiene
2. Crowded living conditions
3. High temperature & humidity
4. Presence of minor injuries
5. Skin conditions like scratches, insecticides or dermatitis
6. Untreated impetigo in patients with poor hygiene
7. Immuno compromised patients(e.g.-Diabetes, neutropenia, immunosuppressive medication ,malignancy, HIV)
SYMTOMS:
1. Vesicle(small blister) or pustule is seen on an inflamed area which is further covered by hard crust which if tried to be removed with difficulty shows indurated ulcer which is red, swollen with pus
2. Lesion may stay fixed in size and sometimes resolve spontaneously without treatment
3. Affects buttocks, thigh, legs, ankle and feet
DO’S & DON’TS:
1. Proper hygiene should be maintained
2. Bathing with antiseptic soap
3. Changing and laundering clothes & linen frequently
4. Use separate towels to prevent spread of infection
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
1. To prevent secondary infection consult the physician immediately
ECTROPION
This is a condition related to eye where there is turning out of the eyelid away from the eyeball.
In this condition the lid margins roll outwards i.e. becomes everted.
CAUSES:
1. SPASTIC ECTROPION:
Occurs due to powerful contraction of the eye muscle, when the skin is elastic and the eyeball is prominent or slightly proptosed. It is commonly seen in children during an attempt to separate the lids for the examination of the eyeball.
Both the eyelids are affected.
2. SENILE ECTROPION:
The lower eyelid is usually affected in old age due to laxity of the tissues of the lid and due to loss of the tone of the eye muscle.
3. PARALYTIC ECTROPION:
It occurs as a result of weakness of the eye muscle due to paralysis of the facial nerve.
4. MECHANICAL ECTROPION:
It is caused by the weight of a mass on the eyelid e.g. tumor or by pressure on the eyelid from behind. The lower lid is usually affected.
5. CICATRICAL ECTROPION:
It follows burns, ulcers, trauma, and skin diseases of the eyelid. Both the eyelids are affected
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
1. Commonest is epiphora (watering of the eyes due to some abnormality of the tear drainage system).
2. Chronic conjunctivitis due to exposure
3. In long continued cases, the conjunctiva becomes dry and thickened.
4. Corneal ulcer may develop.
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
1. Apart from the spastic ectropion all other types require operation after doctor’s advice
ECZEMA
It is a chronic inflammatory condition of the skin causing a distinctive pattern of symptoms such as itching, scaling, thickening of skin and discolouration of skin. Also called as atopic dermatitis, it may run in families and is often associated with asthma.
Causes are allergy to dust mites, detergents, rubber, nickel plated jewellery and stress either physical or emotional. Change of job might cause flare up of old condition. In babies diaper rash or napkin eczema is possible.
SYMPTOMS:
Patches of chronically itchy, dry thickened skin usually on wrists, face, knees, and elbows.
Occasional redness and scaling, small eruptions and blisters that may ooze fluid.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Do not scratch especially with long nails. It may lead to secondary infection.
To soothe the irritation apply non-medicated ointments like petroleum jelly.
A diet rich in Vitamin A and zinc help in regeneration of skin.
Avoid foods you are allergic to.
Avoid nickel plated jewellery, cosmetics, and other articles that give you skin complaints.
Relax and de-stress yourself through yoga, disciplined sports and meditation.
If you are suffering from varicose veins or swollen feet, then relieve by elevating the leg. This reduces the chance of gravitational eczema.
Do not self medicate.
In case of prolonged duration or change in rash pattern take physicians opinion.
ELEPHANTIASIS
1. Thickening of the skin and underlying tissues.
It gives appearance like the elephants feet hence the name.
CAUSES:
1. The parasitic filarial worms (Wuchereria bancrofti&Brugia malayi) which affect the lymphatics
2. Elephantiasis develops only on association with repeated infections in the endemic areas
SYMPTOMS:
1. More pronounced on one side of the body.
2. The parts commonly affected are the legs (one or both) but the scrotum, breasts and vulva may be involved.
3. Fever is present accompanied with pain and tenderness
4. Erythema (abnormal flushing of the skin) is present
5. Recurrent attacks lead to permanent oedema (abnormal accumulation of the fluid)
6. Progressive enlargement, coarsening, corrugation, and fissuring of the skin with warty superficial excrescences
7. The interval between the infection and elephantiasis is usually not less than 10 years
DO’S & DON’TS:
1. Elastic bandaging should be applied to the affected parts and the limbs are elevated and rested
2. Use of stockings may control the swelling to some extent
3. Individuals should avoid being bitten by mosquitoes
EMPHYSEMA (AIR IN TISSUES)
It is a chronic obstructive airway disease.
It is stated to be a condition of lung characterized by over distension of the respiratory passages beyond the terminal bronchioles (they conduct air in to lung) along with disruption of the interalveolar septae.
CAUSES:
1. More common in MALES than FEMALES over 40yrs of age.
2. Prolonged and heavy tobacco-smoking (cigarette)
3. Non -smokers exposed to atmospheric pollution (e.g.: miners , stonecutters, textile mill workers).
3. Women in rural areas are also affected (burning cow dung cakes in closed rooms).
SYMPTOMS:
1 Insidious onset of relentlessly progressive exert ional dyspnoea (breathlessness on exertion)
2. Cough and expectoration are relatively insignificant.
3. Patients are more prone to repeated respiratory tract infections.
DO’S &DON’TS:
1. Avoid smoking.
2. Control of atmospheric pollution in industry occupations.
3. Prompt treatment of recurrent respiratory tract infection
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR
1. Can develop pneumothorax (lung collapse) where in symptoms like coughing, chest pain and rapid worsening of dyspnoea requires prompt treatment.
EMPYEMA
Pus in the pleural cavity (coverings of the lungs) usually due to infection in the lung or in the space below the diaphragm (muscle that separates chest region from the stomach region)
Two types of the above condition are:
1. Acute empyema
2. Chronic empyema
CAUSES:
1. Prior lung infections leading to empyema (eg: pneumonia, lung abscess bronchiectasis)
2. Pus formation in the neighboring structures
3. Penetrating wounds of chest.
4. Bronchopleural fistula
5. Rupture of the esophagus (food pipe)
6. Haematogenous spread (pyemia, septicemia) where in due to bacterias pus formation takes place leading to septic conditions.
7. Subphrenic abscess.
SYMTOMS:
ACUTE EMPYEMA:
a. Incomplete recovery in pneumonia cases.
b. Sudden increase in fever with shivering.
c. Due to mechanical effect (trauma) chest pain breathlessness cough with expectoration.
d. Due to toxemia (blood poisoning caused by bacteria) wherein general feeling of sickness is there, loss of appetite, sweating and loss of weight is observed. Fingers clubbing (nails turn convex in shape) within 2-3 weeks of the onset of the disease
DO’S & DON’TS:
Breathing exercises should be done under doctor’s advice.
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
1 It is a life threatening condition which can usually only relieved by surgical
drainage of pus. Hence patient carefully observe the symptoms of fever, cough & expectoration where in character of the pus should be taken in to consideration (thick greenish colour)
ENCHEPHALITIS LETHARGICA (SLEEPING SICKNESS)
This disease first occurred in the wake of the pandemic of influenza during This was the first slow virus infection of the nervous system to be recognized in humans.
CAUSES:
1. Although the viral agent was not identified the diseases pathology and symptoms are typical of viral infection.
SYMPTOMS:
1. Headache
2. Drowsiness
3. Coma.
4. Opthalmoplegia (paralysis of the muscles of the eye)
5. Myoclonus (sudden spasm of the muscles typically lifting and flexing arms)
6. Dystonia (spasm in the muscles of the shoulders, neck and trunk)
7. Bulimia (insatiable overeating)
8. Obesity
9. Reversal of the sleep pattern
10. In children psychopathic personality with compulsive behavior.
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
1. High proportion of the patients with this disease develops within months or years (sometimes after an interval as long as 25 years)
The syndrome of Parkinsonism
2. The only treatment available for the survival consists if antiparkinsonism drugs and surgery.
ENDOCARDITIS
Inflammation of the lining of the heart cavity (endocardium) and valves
CAUSES:
1. Micro-organisms like bacteria (streptococcus, staphylococcus)
2. Other micro-organisms (fungal etc.) have entry through following
Conditions like:
a. Tooth extraction or scaling
b. After tonsillectomy (removal of tonsils)
c. Bedsores
d. Heart surgery
E. Long-standing intravenous infusions
f. Intravenous drug taking in addicts
g. Insertion of contraceptives
h. Puerperal infections (after delivery in females)
SYMTOMS:
Down stated are various modes of onset of the disease:
1. Fatigue (weakness)
2. Loss of appetite
3. Fever may be present with chills..
4. Sore throat
5. Myalgia (pain in muscles), joint pains.
6. Neurological (related to brain) eg: meningitis, convulsions, coma
7. Gangrene
8. Heart failure in elderly people.
9. Unilateral blindness
10. Pneumonia
11. Kidney failure
12. Pleurisy (inflammation of covering of lungs)
SIGNS:
A. In acute phase of the disease fever is low grade but in chronic phase of the disease there is high fever with chills.
B. Anemia (low blood count).
C. Clubbing (condition related to fingers and toes)
D. Spleenomegaly (enlargement of spleen).
E. Artharlgia (pain in joints)
Cardiac signs are:
Murmurs (noise heard with the aid of the stethoscope).
The consulting physicians trace most of the above signs
• Others
Skin: tender pea-sized nodules on the pads of fingers and toes.
Hemorrhages (bleeding) at the mucous membranes of eyes buccal cavity (cavity of mouth), pharynx
DO’S & DON’TS:
1. Complete rest in bed.
2. High protein diet with added vitamins and iron.
3. Small repeated blood transfusions if severe anemia
ENDOCERVICITIS (CHRONIC CERVICITIS)
Inflammation of the membrane covering the neck of the womb (uterus)
It is one of the commonest gynaecological conditions.
CAUSES:
1. Repeated sexually transmitted infections
2. Pyogenic (pus forming) infections during childbirth, abortion, use of various instruments for examination purposes.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
Mostly seen in parous females during childbearing period.
This condition is rarely seen in young virgins & in women within a year or two
after menopause (stoppage of periods)
1. Persistent white discharge through vagina, which may be white or yellow.
2. Metrorrhagia (bleeding) especially after sexual intercourse.
3. Backache
4. Increased frequency of urination which may at times be difficult or painful due to spread of infection to the urinary bladder (organ that stores urine)
5. Long standing ill health
6. Metastatic infections-arthritis, muscle pains.
7. Infertility (inability to conceive) may be present.
8. Itching of the vulva (external genital organ). may be present
9. Psychological upsets may also be present.
10. General health may be below normal
11. Anemia (low hemoglobin) may be present.
12. Sometimes there are no symptoms.
DO’S & DON’TS:
1. Avoid multi sexual partners.
2. Care during childbirth, abortion which should be done in good hospitals & patients should be aware of the instruments used by the doctors during gynaecological conditions.
3. Avoid psychological stress & upsets.
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
1. Patient should take care of the above symptoms especially the discharge & should inform the consulting gynecologist.
2. Also the urinary symptoms should be taken care to prevent the further spread of the disease.
ENDOMETRIOSIS
The presence of membranous material lining the womb at other sites within the cavity of pelvis (bony structure in hip region)
It is a benign proliferation of tissue (non cancerous overgrowth).
It is a very slow progressing benign lesion may retrograde (come back to normal) following pregnancy.
Commonest sites affected are
a. Ovary (main female reproductive organ producing eggs)
b. Pelvic peritoneum (smooth transparent membrane)
c. Vagina (lower part of female reproductive system)
Other organs affected are,
A. Laprotomy scar (mark left after operative procedure)
B. Urinary bladder, ureter, urethra, appendix, umbilicus
Rare sites affected are,
a .Arm ,thigh,
b .Kidney
c. Diaphragm (muscle separating chest region from lower region)
d. Lungs
e Hernial sacs
CAUSES:
The exact cause is still not clear.
1. Genetic factor (familial tendencies)
2. Immunologic defects (Defect in local cell mediated immunity).
3. Late marriage, infertility (inability to conceive), previous operations, inflammation, trauma and ovarian hormonal influences.
4. Women in age group of (17-25yrs) are more affected.
5. Women of higher socioeconomic class are more affected.
SYMPTOMS:
1. Severe dysmenorrheal (painful periods), which starts 5-7days before periods, increases during bleeding and persists thereafter.
2. Plevic pain.
3. Dyspareunia (painful or difficult sexual intercourse).
4. Infertility
5. Backache
6. Rectal pain and bleeding during periods.
7. Dysuria (difficult or painful urination).
8. Fever may be present.
9. In 30% of cases the above symptoms are absent.
DO’S & DON’TS:
1. Late marriages and late pregnancies are to be avoided.
ENDOMETRITIS
Inflammation of the membrane lining the womb
ACUTE ENDOMETRITIS:
CAUSES:
1. Due to gynecological operations
2. After childbirth, infections after abortion.
3. Infections of the cervix (narrow passage at lower end of the womb).
4. Infected fibroids (overgrowths in the womb) other overgrowths, which may be infective.
SYMPTOMS:
1. There will be no symptoms when acute endometritis is transient.
DO’S & DON’TS:
1. Bed rest.
CHRONIC ENDOMETRITIS:
A. INTERSTITIAL:
CAUSES:
1. Due to retained parts in the womb which should come out after delivery.(bits of placenta)
2. Contraceptives (copper-t)
SYMTOMS:
1. Abnormal heavy bleeding during periods (menstruation) &discharge.
2. With the spread of infection fever, pain in lower part of stomach is present.
DO’S & DON’TS:
1. Bed rest
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
1. If above symptoms are observed inform consulting doctor immediately.
B. SENILE:
CAUSES:
1. Occurs during postmenopausal period (bleeding occurring after stoppage of periods) due to infection of shrunken endometrium of womb (membrane lining the uterus.
SYMTOMS:
1. Thin irritating foul smelling vaginal discharge and occasional blood stained discharge. Sometimes pus is also present.
DO’S & DON’TS:
1. Bed rest.
2. Overexertion should be avoided.
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
1. If above symptoms are present consult the doctor immediately.
ENTERIC FEVER
It is a septicemic (infective) type of fever mainly affecting the intestine where the fever is prolonged.
It mainly affectes liver, spleen bone marrow, & lymphoid tissue of the gastro intestinal tract
CAUSES:
1. Mostly caused by the organisms salmonella typhi, uncommonly paratyphi, A, B, C.
2. The organisms uncommonly persist in the gall bladder and urinary tract to produce a chronic carrier state.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
1. Onset of the fever is insidious.
2. Duration of the illness is 4 weeks but may continue for 8 weeks or more if untreated.
3. The patient presents with prolonged fever
4. Weakness
5. Headache
6. Stomach distension
7. Constipation followed by loose motions.
8. Low pulse rate
9. liver spleen enlargement
10. Tongue is dry & coated.
11. Rashes appearing in the size of 2-3mm in diameter (rose spots) occasionally seen in upper part of the stomach & lower part of the chest. In fair skinned people.
12. Uncommonly the patient presents with intermittent fever with shivering.
13. Other features include deafness, arthritis nosebleed, bronchitis, serous effusion, gastroenteritis increased pulse rate more seen in patients with complications.
DO’S & DON’TS:
1. GENERAL THERAPY:
a. Nursing care
b. Oral hygiene
c. Correction & maintenance of fluid & electrolyte balance
d. Non irritant semisolid easily digestible food with sufficient calories
e adequate rest.
f. Painkillers & purgatives should be avoided for periods longer than duration of illness
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
1. Prolonged fever with features of toxemia (infection leading to blood poisoning which has symptoms like fever diarrhea vomiting) and other gastro intestinal symptoms if observed requires immediate treatment to prevent complications.
ENTERITIS
Gastroenteritis is the inflammation of the stomach and intestine.
CAUSES:
1. Acute infection caused mainly due to
a. Bacteria: This causes intoxication, watery diarrhoea, dysentery, enteric fever.
b. Viruses
c. Food poisoning toxins
BACTERIAL GASTROENTERITIS:
1. CAMPYLOBACTER GASTROENTERITIS:
CAUSES:
1. Ingestion of contaminated food or milk.
2. Close contact with infected pets.
SYMPTOMS:
1. Occurs in children under 2 yrs of age in the developing countries, and in older children and young adults elsewhere.
2. Myalgia
3. Anorexia
4. Fever
5. Stomach pain in lower region
6. Stool samples always contain pus.
DO’S & DON’TS:
1. Avoid eating uncovered food
2. Milk should be boiled before drinking.
3. Hygiene has should be maintained
2. SHIGELLA:
SYMPTOMS:
1. High fever
2. Headache
3. Malaise
4. Anorexia
5. Frequent small volume of stools containing blood & pus
6. Severe cramps in stomach
7. Pain at anus region while passing stools.
8. Pain in stomach while examination done by the doctor.
DO’S & DON’TS:
1. Fluid replacement: Fluid intake should be increased
3. E. COLI:
ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC:
CAUSES:
1. Reservoir: Cattle
2. Unpasteurised milk
3. Person to person
4. Uncooked meat
SYMPTOMS:
1. Bloody diarrhea
2. No pus cells in stools
DO’S & DON’TS:
1. Food should be properly cooked
2. Milk should be boiled before drinking
ENTEROPATHOGENIC:
CAUSES:
1. Reservoir: Humans
2. Transmitted by hands
3. Infected food.
SYMPTOMS:
1. Infants below 2 yrs of age are affected
2. Watery diarrhea
3. High fatality rate
4. Symptoms often prolong.
DO’S & DON’TS:
1. Hygiene is necessary
2. Avoid eating open uncovered food
3. Since it affects infants below 2 yrs care and hygiene has to be taken by the person handling the child.
4. Plenty of fluids should be given
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
1. Since the fatality rate is high it is essential for the parents to take the child immediately to the doctor since the symptoms may worsen and prolong which could be dangerous to the life of the child.
ENTEROTOXIGENIC:
CAUSES:
1. Reservoir: human
2. Transmission is by food & water
3. Most common cause of traveler’s diarrhea.
SYMPTOMS:
1. Affects infants below 3 yrs of age.
2. Watery diarrhea
DO’S & DON’TS:
1. Avoid eating outside food, which is uncovered.
2. Water should also be boiled
3. Avoid eating outside while traveling & outside water should also be avoided
4. Plenty of fluids should be given in order to restore the electrolyte balance
Fluids should be given in the form of salt and water mostly which helps to prevent dehydration before the child is taken to the doctor.
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
1. Dehydration could be fatal and can also cost life if it becomes severe hence attending immediately to the concerned doctor is essential.
ENTROPION
In turning of the eyelid towards the eyeball
In this condition the lid margin rolls inwards.
CAUSES:
CONGENITAL:
It is rare &usually associated with absence of the eyeball.
ACQUIRED:
A. SPASTIC ENTROPION:
It develops in a case of involuntary tight contraction of the eyelid .It also occurs after prolonged bandaging of the eye. The lower eyelid is usually affected. Both children & adults are affected.
B. MECHANICAL ENTROPION:
It occurs due to lack of support of the eyelids.
The lower eyelid is usually affected.
C. SENILE ENTROPION:
It is a commonest type usually affecting the lower lid.
There is a lack of support of the eyelid due to disappearance of orbital fat due to shrunken and inelasticity of the skin during old age.
Bandaging of the eye in old age causes entropion of lower eyelid.
D.CICATRICAL ENTROPION:
The upper eyelid is mostly affected. It occurs due to membranous conjunctivitis,
Trachoma (contagious eye disease)
SYMPTOMS:
1. Foreign body sensation in the eye.
2. Lacrimation (watering)
3. Pain
DO’S & DON’TS:
Tight bandaging should be avoided.
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
Most of the above conditions are treated with adhesive plaster while the senile entropion requires operation.
ENURESIS
It is involuntary passage of urine
CAUSES:
Genetic
Delay in establishment of bladder control due to maturational delay, chronic illness,
Improper or inadequate training or small functional bladder capacity
One of the symptoms of organic illness like:
a. Neurological: convulsion, nutritional deficiency etc
b. Endocrine: Polyuria (increased frequency of urination) in diabetes mellitus
c. Urinary Inflammation of the urinary structures, kidney stones
d. Inflammation of the genital organs.
e. Post operative anxiety, trauma induced.
f. Inflammation of sexual organs in male as well as female.
It can also be considered as a symptom of psychological ill-health and without any other illness.
SYMPTOMS:
1. More common in boys.
2. Mostly first born children.
3. Children who have experienced stress in early life.
4. Lower social classes.
DO’S & DON’TS
1. CONFIDENCE & TRAINING:
a. Aim should be to treat the bed wetter not the bed-wetting.
b. Scolding & punishment should be avoided.
c. Child should empty bladder before going to bed.
d. For sometime the child may be awakened 2-3 hours after sleep & made to evacuate the bladder, & again early morning.
e. Restriction of fluid in latter part of the day.
2. CORRECTION OF PHYSICAL DEFFECT & IMPROVEMENT OF GENERAL HEALTH
3. Enuresis alarm where the child has to get out of the bed, switch off the alarm and go to the toilet where different alarms can be used like pad & bell alarm body worn alarm wherein tiny electrical sensor is attached to child pants and is connected to a mini alarm worn on the shoulder or in the pocket of the pajama jacket.
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
1. In spite of the above mention confidence & training program child continues to wet the bed he should be taken to the doctor for further medication and advice.
EPIDIDYMITIS
Inflammation of epididymis (tube that connects testis to vasdefrens where spermatozoa mature)
CAUSES:
1. Infection:
a. Spreads from bladder or urethra to vasdefrens
b. In young men; Chlamydia is the cause of infection
c. In elderly males: – bladder outflow obstruction
e.g. – prostate with secondary urinary infection is the prime cause
2. Retrograde passage of the urine: unusual exertion or violent strain while the bladder is full.
3. Acute epididymitis: caused by bacterial organisms.
SYMPTOMS:
1. Patient feels ill.
2. Mild fever with shivering
3. Generalized body ache.
4. Pain while passing urine
5. Perineal (region of body between anus and urethral opening) heaviness
6. Rectal irritation. Pain while passing stools.
7. Pain, swelling and redness of the affected half part of the scrotum.
8. Complete recovery takes 6-8 weeks.
DO’S & DON’TS:
1. High fluid intake is necessary.
2. Rest
3. Avoid exertion
4. Do not strain while passing urine.
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
1. Prompt treatment from the doctor is necessary.
2. In case of suppuration (pus formation) inform the doctor immediately.
EPILEPSY
It is condition affecting the brain with a wide range of symptoms & many variations.
In many instances the cause is unknown, however
Genetic inheritance
Lead poisoning.
Brain damage at birth
Infection & head injury
Alcoholism & drug addiction can be implicated
SYMPTOMS:
In Petit Mal type of epilepsy, there are occasional lapses lasting for a few seconds, into the patient’s own world, with no memory of the event.
In grandmal type there is, rhythmic twitchings of extremities or face.
An "aura" is felt by the patient where he knows the convulsions are coming.
Severe spasms & jerking of the hands & legs with rolling up of eyeballs & frothing at mouth.
After convulsions there is a period of weakness or paralysis.
Loss of memory for the event.
It may last for up to ten minutes. Beyond that it becomes an emergency.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Inform the relatives or co-workers about your epileptic condition.
Carry an identifying card with you stating the epileptic status, your address, phone number, your doctor’s name, address, phone number & the medicines you take. Take regular treatment with regular follow ups with your doctor.
Learn relaxation techniques.
Epileptic attack can be precipitated by watching Television, bright light or by sudden emotions. Beware of these. Do not drive long distances or swim unless accompanied by someone else.
FIRST AID:
Do not try to undo the seizures or give the points anything orally during seizures.
Do not try to hold the patient too hard during convulsions.
Put a handkerchief or smooth gag to prevent tongue biting. See that he does not injure himself. And make him lie in the left lateral position (on his left side) with the mouth downwards to prevent any choking from the froth.
Call the medical personnel as soon as possible for assistance.
EPIPHORA
Watering of the eye in which tears flow on to the cheek.
Two types are:
1. Congenital epiphora
2. Acquired epiphora
CAUSES:
1. It is due to some abnormality of the tear drainage system.
2. Obstruction is due to some overgrowth in various parts of eye. (naso-lacrimal duct, sac)
3. Abnormal narrowing of the passage or opening,
4. CONGENITAL EPIPHORA: tearing is present from the birth due to incomplete development of tear duct drainage system, where tearing resolves without treatment during first few months of life
5. ACQUIRED EPIPHORA: which occur in adults due to
a Lashes rubbing on the eye
b. Corneal disorders
c. Lower eyelid laxity
d. Weakness of the facial muscles
SYMTOMS:
Watering of eyes up to the cheeks
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
In case of the infants if the tearing persists beyond 6 months of age consult the ophthalmologist immediately.
In adults if watering is observed abnormally consult eye doctor immediately
EPISCLERITIS
Inflammation of sclera (outer coat of the eye) It is a superficial inflammation.
CAUSES:
Occurs in elderly persons.
Associated with gout (excess of acids &salt to accumulate in bloodstream & joints).
Collagen disorder (found in skin, bone, cartilage &ligaments)
SYMTOMS:
Pain & tenderness in the eye
No discharge lachrymation or intolerance to light.
Hard pinkish red swelling, of the size of a lentil appears underneath the conjunctiva (delicate membrane that covers front of the eye), which is fixed, to the deeper structures.
Hyperemia (presence of excess of blood) of the surrounding conjunctiva, which shows redness in that area.
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
If above symptoms are observed consult doctor immediately
EPISTAXIS
It is the bleeding from the nose. It may be from one or both nostrils. If from one nostril it is generally a local cause if from both it may be a systemic cause.
CAUSES:
Local.
Spontaneous with no apparent reason. May happen in summer.
Local trauma nose picking seen in children. Trauma to the nose, base of skull, foreign body when children push up rubber or paper which gets infected and then there is bleeding.
Nasal disease recurrent colds, sinusitis, polyp, diphtheria septum deviation , tumors.
General.
Infective fevers- influenza, measles, typhoid, malaria, dengue, respiratory infections.
Hypertension- arterial, venous in bronchitis.
Blood disorders- cancer.
Vitamin C deficiency, Vitamin B 12, folic acid deficiency.
Vitamin K deficiency.
Drug induced- heparin.
SYMPTOMS:
Bleeding from the nose.
Bleeding in back of throat & blood spitting.
Gagging.
Choking.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Sit down. Do not lie down with head low.
Press a cold cloth or ice around your nose
Pinch your nose shut i.e. hold both nostrils below the bridge between your thumb and finger for 10 minutes. Breathe through your mouth.
If bleeding doesn’t stop place a cloth packing in the bleeding nostril, make sure there is no foreign body in the nostril. Roll a small cloth which is clean, make sure you don’t push it too for into the nose.
Once bleeding stops, place a cold cloth over nose and face.
Remove the cloth packing after 30-60 minutes. Do not blow the nose, pick your nose, strains yourself or bend for 24 hours.
Use petroleum jelly to help prevent further bleeding or drying.
Vitamin B complex, Vitamin C supplement will help you.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
If inspite of above measures bleeding doesn’t stop.
If you are a hypertensive.
If you have had trauma to the head.
If your complaint is recurrent further investigations may be needed.
EPITHELIOMA (SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA)
A tumor of the epithelium, the covering of the internal or external surface of the body
It is a less common but more malignant (cancerous) and more rapidly growing tumor.
CAUSES:
Occurs in people who are exposed to tropical sunlight for many years, and it is after a period of 10-20 years the sun damage becomes evident. Therefore mostly seen above the age of 60 years
Increased exposure of the youngsters to sunlight is also one of the causes.
Occupations of the people where effects of the carcinogenic hazards of the environment on the people and inherent capacity of the individual to react to it.
Complication of the long-standing granulomas such as syphilis, lupus vulgaris, leprosy, chronic ulcers, osteeomyelitis, long standing venous ulcers or old burn scars.
Occurs as a result of the past irradiation.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
Males are more affected than females.
Elderly people are more affected.
Commonest sites are those exposed to sunlight like backs of the hands and forearms, the upper part of the face, especially in males, on the lower lip and pinna.
First clinical evidence is induration (abnormal hardening of the tissue or organ)
The area appears plaque-like, ulcerated
The tissue around the growth is hypaeremic (redness) and the edge has an opaque, dirty yellowish red color.
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
The various approaches to these tumors are through
a. Local destruction
b Radiotherapy
c. Surgery
These are done under medical advice; hence consulting the doctor is very essential
ERYSIPELAS
It is the infection of the skin and underlying tissues.
CAUSES:
Bacteria (streptococcal pyogens)
Defect in the lymphatic system. (A network of vessels that conveys electrolytes, water, proteins etc to the blood stream).
Streptococcal infections of the wounds, surgical incisions,
SYMPTOMS:
Mostly affects infants, young children, and elderly people.
Sites affected are scalp, face, ears, and lower legs.
Onset of the symptoms is abrupt
Initial symptoms are: malaise, chilliness, feverishness, headache &vomiting.
At the site of infection there itching and discomfort followed by the skin affections.
The lesion reaches its maximum within 3 to 6 days. They become red, swollen, with development of raised patches that may spread several inches across.
The eruptions may be less well demarcated in the areas where the skin is loose, but edema and erythema is the constant feature.
Vesicles (a very small blister) and bullae (large blister containing fluid) may appear which leaves crusts on the skin.
High fever
Bacteremia (infection wherein bacteria are present on the blood)
Recovery usually takes place by the end of the week but varies with severity of the infection.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Personal hygiene should be maintained
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
It can affect severely to the extent of life threatening in cases of children within few months of the life and elderly, debilitated immunosuppresed individuals
Prompt treatment may help to lower down the risk factors.
ERYTHEMA
Abnormal flushing of the skin caused by dilatation of the blood capillaries
It is often a sign of inflammation & infection.
ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM:
CAUSES:
Human parvovirus: B19 infection.
SYMPTOMS:
Common in children of age group 3-12 years especially during winter and spring.
Bright red facial rash which gives appearance of slapped cheek initially followed by,
Maculopapular rash, which may develop quickly on arms, legs. Trunk, palms, and soles are less commonly affected
Rash resolves within a week but can recur intermittently for several weeks particularly after stress, exercise, exposure to sunlight, bathing or change of the environmental temperature
Mild fever & arthritis in adults is seen.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Avoid excessive stress.
Avoid going in direct sunlight during the rash.
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
Consult doctor immediately in case of children.
ERYTHEMA MULTIFORMAE:
CAUSES:
Infections: like herpes simplex
Drugs like sulphonamides, co-trimoxazole, penicillins, phenothiazines, thiazide, diuretics and NSAIDs
SYMPTOMS:
Target-like erythematous lesions most pronounced on the trunk, palms and soles, which are circular, irregular.
The mucous membranes may be affected and in severe cases the patient may develop fever, malaise, myalgia (pain in the muscles) and arthralgia (pain in joints)
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
Severe form of this type is Stevens Johnson syndrome, hence consult the doctor immediately
ERYTHEMA NODOSUM:
CAUSES:
Rhuematic fever
Infections: like streptococcal, tuberculosis (primary), leprosy, rickettsial infection, cat scratch fever, etc.
Inflammatory bowel disease
Drugs: like sulphonamides, oral contraceptives, and barbiturates.
Sarcoidosis
Immunological-Bechet’s disease.
SYMPTOMS:
Sudden onset.
Fever
Joint pains
Painful swellings on the legs.
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
If above symptoms are observed consult doctor immediately.
EXOPTHALMUS GOITRE
Protrusion of the eyeballs within the sockets
CAUSES:
Over activity of the thyroid gland (thyrotoxicosis)
SYMPTOMS:
Mostly both eyes are affected, but in some cases only one eye is affected.
Swelling of the eyelids & conjunctiva.
Diplopia (double vision).
Pappilloedema (swelling of the first part of the optic nerve)& corneal ulceration in severe cases.
Exopthalmus tends to improve with time.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Sleeping propped up will help to protect the eye to some extent.
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
In severe cases the condition is called as malignant exopthalmus and the eye may be destroyed, hence prompt medical treatment is essential.
EXOSTOSES
Non-cancerous outgrowth from a bone.
CAUSES:
This is a disorder of metaphysis, inherited as an autosomal dominant character.
SYMPTOMS:
The lesions are either single or multiple.
Most commonly seen in swimmers.
The lesions are located in the metaphyseal (growing portion of the long bone) areas of the long bone.
Often the lesions produce no symptoms, but occasionally interfere with the function of the joint of tendon or compression of the nerve may result.
Dwarfing (abnormal short stature) is seen occasionally.
The metacarpals may be shortened
Multiple exostoses are seen sometimes in patients with pseudohypoparathyroid syndrome.
It may suddenly begin to enlarge long after the growth should have ceased and
occasionally develop chondrosarcomas (cancerous tumor in the bones).
DO’S & DON’TS:
Professional swimmers should be careful regarding this condition
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
If any outgrowth is suspected consult the doctor immediately
EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL AFFECTIONS ACUTE OTITIS EXTERNA:
Acute inflammation of the external auditory canal
CAUSES:
It occurs at any age.
Water entering the ear may carry it organisms which may be the cause.
Damp climate can also be the cause.
Scratching the ear may cause wound leading to infection
Discharge from the middle ear may cause secondary infection to the external auditory canal.
Diabetes.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
Pain is the presenting symptom.
Discharge from the ear which may be blood stained initially later turns purulent (contains pus).
Difficulty in hearing due to collection of the discharge & debris in the external auditory canal.
Ringing or buzzing sound in the ear.
Itching is often present.
Pain while opening the jaw is also sometimes present.
Swelling is present.
Pain while moving the ear with hand
Small boil appears in the outer side of the canal which oozes pus on bursting.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Fomentation is soothing to the patient.
EAR TOILET:
a. Water should not be allowed to enter the ear.
b. Cleaning of the secretions and the collected debris should be removed.
Scratching the ear should be avoided
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
Diabetes should be treated because it causes severe otitis externa which is very painful and may also involve cranial nerves of the brain.
Recurrent furuncles (boils) in adult should arouse the suspicion of diabetes.
EYE CARE
Eyes are the main source of gathering information about the world. They are very delicate & proper eye care goes a long way to reduce eye affections.
DO’S & DONT’S
Do not overstrain the eyes
Give your eyes periodic rest especially when reading or working on computers. Do not spend move than 2 hours in front of the screen.
Blink your eyes consciously every few hours. This washes off any dust or dirt particles & keeps eye ball moist. It it healthy to cry – for eyes, lungs & mind.
Do not touch the eyes with dirty fingers.
Wash eyes regularly with clean cold water every night.
Exercise the eye muscles by practicing accommodation exercises.
Natural light is good for eyes.
Rest your eyes while watching television by palming i.e. rub both hands, than gently place the palms (not fingers) over the eyes without any pressure.
While reading or writing the light should come from your left side.
Use glasses/glares while in sun or riding or working in dusty smoky atmospheres.
There should be sufficient light when watching T.V. at night.
DIET:
A nutritious diet consisting of carrots, green leafy vegetables and salads.
Cut thin slices of fresh cucumber and place them on the eyes in case of eyestrain.
Eyes are precious do not abuse them.
EYELID AFFECTIONS
Eyelids are the protective coverings of the eye, which prevents any foreign body from entering the eye. This action of the eyelids takes place through a reflex action
CHALAZION:
It occurs due to blockage of the gland called meibomian gland (sebaceous gland which secretes oily substance called sebum) due to inflammation .The swollen gland appears like a small pea sized swelling.
CAUSES:
Usually caused by bacteria (staphylococcal), which enters this gland and cause infection.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
It usually occurs in young age & young adults.
Depending on the size of the chalazion there is heaviness in the lid
Mild irritation is also present.
The swelling appears small, hard to touch size of a pea on the lid a little distance away from the margin of the eyelid sometimes more than one swelling is also present.
Sometimes the swelling may remain as it is, or it may burst.
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
A very small chalazion may be cured with treatment.
Bigger chalazion requires operation after consulting the doctor
In old people, recurrent chalazion may lead to cancer of the gland.
» F
FUNGUS INFECTION (OTOMYCOSIS):
It is very common in rainy season.
It is very painful infection accompanied by itching.
CAUSES:
Water while entering the ear while swimming or taking bath may carry fungus into the ear.
Prolonged use of antibiotic drops kills the bacteria & thus the fungus may start growing unhindered.
Causative organisms are fungal (Aspergillus niger which is the commonest).
Other fungal infections, which affect the skin, may also be responsible.
SYMPTOMS:
Itching is often the presenting symptom.
Ear becomes extremely painful.
Brownish or blackish discharge may occur
Deafness is caused by the collection of discharge &the debris in ear.
Ringing or buzzing sound may be present.
Difficulty while opening the jaws is present.
The canal shows the growth, which is cotton-like growth, resembling the fungal growth seen on a shoe or bread in the rainy season. The appearance changes to wet newspaper-like mass ranging from white to grey, brown or black brown.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Water should be prevented from entering the ear
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
All debris should be removed repeatedly
FOREIGN BODIES:
The foreign bodies are of two types:
Living: Insects, maggots
Non-living: like peas, wheat
Like stones plastic pieces.
SYMPTOMS:
Discomfort in ear Pain.
Do’S & DON’TS:
Be careful in case of children .Do not insert anything and remove the body if traced it can damage the ear.
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
Consult the doctor immediately in case of children
FACIAL PAIN
The facial pain could either be located in parts on only one side. The causes are sinusitis, trigeminal neuralgias, headaches, tooth abscess, inflamed arteries or after viral infection of the nerves called shingles.
SYMPTOMS:
The pain is intense stabbing and trigged by touch in trigeminal neuralgia.
Sharp severe current like pain that is usually one sided in shingles.
Throbbing pain with nasal congestion with watering of eyes could be due to sinusitis.
Continuous throbbing with pain in teeth is seen in dental abscess.
CARE:
Ascertain the cause of pain from the physician.
Do not self medicate.
Steam inhalations and hot pack application helps in sinusitis. Ice application to the affected area helps in tooth abscess and cluster headaches.
A diet rich in Vitamin B complex and Vitamin E helps in neuralgic pains. It helps regeneration of nerves. In severe or prolonged pain consult a doctor.
FEBRILE CONVULSION
Fits or seizure occurring with fever in infancy (3 months) or upto 5 years of age provided the underlying cause is not of origin from nervous system.
The fit if is without fever is not considered be febrile convulsions. It is short lasting. Occurs only once usually in 24 hours. It is a generalized fit or convulsion.
Nervous system affection meningitis, tumor if gives rise to a convulsion then it is not called febrile convulsion.
CAUSES:
Fever infection bacterial, viral in respiratory tract, influenza, gastroenteritis, measles, ear infection, mumps, acute tonsillitis.
Familiar-children with history of convulsion in brother or sister are 2-3 times at risk.
SYMPTOMS:
Fever generally high 102*F or there maybe rapid change from low to high temperature.
The convulsion occurs usually within hours of onset of fever. It is generalized with first sustained contraction then relaxation of muscles, lasting for few seconds to minutes, less than 15 minutes.
Occasionally the seizure may be repetitive and testing beyond 15 minutes it is then known as a complex seizure. Males are slightly more affected than female.
DO’S & DON’TS:
If your child is having a fit see to it that he should not fall or injure himself more away any objects that may injure him. Do not try to stop the convulsion by pulling the limbs. Wait for it to cease on its own.
If you can then put a pad of cloth between the teeth to prevent tongue bite.
Contact a doctor for treatment of cause of fever. Lower temperature by tepid water sponging take top water in a big vessel dip a soft towel in it wipe the child from head to toe several times each time dipping the towel a fresh. Control for fever ask your doctor for medication to lower the temperature whenever your child gets fever first give medicine and lower temperature then contact the doctor.
Start tepid sponging as soon as fever starts to rise.
NOTE:
Febrile convulsions do not cause development delay.
Do not cause retardation.
Do not cause behavioural abnormalities.
Do not cause death.
Very rarely does it continue throughout life as epilepsy most child never get it after the age of 5 years. Occasionally it may recur again when there is fever so it is very important that you should control the fever first whenever it comes.
Consult your doctor immediately if your child has a convulsion.
FELON
It is a purulent infection involving the pulp of the distal phalanx [terminal pulp space] of a finger. The index finger and the thumb are affected most often.
CAUSES:
- A prick to the finger.
SYMPTOMS:
- Dull pain and swelling.
– Pain is worse when the hand is dependent
– Later stages – Throbbing pain
– Tenderness of the affected part
– Pain worse at night, interfering with sleep
– Enlargement and tenderness of the corresponding regional lymph node
- Abscess bursts if untreated
DO’S & DON’TS:
- Keep the hand raised as far as possible
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
When there is presence of pus. The abscess may need to be drained by incision.
FEVER
Fever means increase in the body temperature. It is a sign that the body is fighting against some infection somewhere. Normal body temperature is 98.6*F or 37 degree C.
Body temperature can be measured from the mouth and also from the armpit. However the temperature difference between these two sites can be around 1 degree F.
CAUSES:
Physiological (Due to normal body processes)
* Heavy exercise
* Menstrual cycle, during ovulation.
* High environmental temperature.
Infection due to bacteria, virus, fungal in any part of the body is the most common cause of fever.
There are many other diseases which cause fever like cancer ; connective tissue disease e.g. Rheumatoid diseases; Hormone increase as in thyroid hormone etc.
Trauma, injury; Heat stroke can also cause fever.
TYPES OF FEVER:
Intermittent fever in which fever comes and goes.
Remittent in which fever come down but not to normal level and again rises.
Continuous fever when it is continuous fever with no fall.
Relapsing in which fever goes and comes back after every 2-3 days.
CONDITIONS WHICH CAN ACCOMPANY WITH FEVER.
Headache
Weakness
Backache
Muscle pains
Chills and rigors
Convulsions
Delirium
Skin eruptions.
Sweating.
DO’S AND DONT’S:
Since fever is a sign of the body fighting against disease, the first step is to take rest in a well ventilated room and avoid any exertion, mental or physical.
Take lots of fluids to avoid dehydration. Cool packs can be kept on the forehead and also on the entire body to lower the temperature. Water taken for this should be tap water.
Diet should be light and nutritious with plenty of vegetable soups and juices.
Soft diet consisting of porridge with rice and lentils is advised.
Avoid taking carbonated beverages, cold juices and fruits like cucumber and bananas.
CALL THE DOCTOR:
If you have severe chills, shivers and chattering teeth. These can be symptoms of pneumonia, malaria or kidney infection.
FIBROID (FIBROMYOMA or MYOMA)
This is a benign (non-cancerous) growth from the muscular layer of the uterus. It may be Interstitial (growing in substance of the uterine wall), Subserous (growing underneath the peritoneum), or Submucous type (growing underneath the mucous membrane of the uterus).
It occurs during menarche till menopause and commonly during the age group of 35-45 years.
CAUSES:
Infertility
Endometrial hyperplasia
SYMPTOMS:
Normally no symptoms
Menorrhagia- excessive uterine bleeding with clots
Metrorrhagia- menstruation at irregular intervals
Feeling of lump in lower abdomen
Infertility
Increased frequency of urination due to pressure on bladder
Rarely pain
Anemia
DO’S & DON’TS:
Bed rest if the bleeding is excessive
Intake of food rich in iron
Consume more protein rich diet
FILARIASIS
Filariasis is a disease produced by various types of microfilaria resulting in obstruction of lymphatics producing swelling of lower limbs and hydrocoele. The known vectors are many types of bleed-sucking insects, fleas, ticks, mites, midges and man.
CAUSES:
- Prolonged exposure in an endemic area to the microfilaria
– Swampy areas
– Constant contact with stagnant water, therefore commonly seen in washer men, workers working in coir industry and plywood manufacturing
SYMPTOMS:
- Swelling of lower limbs (non-pitting)
– Hydrocoele
– Inflammation of the testis
-Bronchial Spasm
– Urticaria
– Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels
– Swelling and pain in the regional lymph nodes
– Wrinkling of the skin of the feet giving it a corrugated appearance
– Dryness of skin, absence of sweat
– Hair coarse and sparse
– Warty excrescences
– Chronic abscesses and oozing of lymph
– Involvement of labia, vulva, clitoris and mammary glands in females
– Chyluria [milky urine]
– Chylous diarrhoea
– Chylous ascites
– Pericardial and pleural effusions [collection of fluid into the coverings of the heart and the lungs.]
DO’S & DON’TS:
- Avoid walking bare feet in an area where the soil is siliceous as elephantiasis is said to be more frequent in such people.
– Regular fumigation of endemic areas.
– Use a mosquito net.
– Use tight crepe bandage for limbs.
– Keep the limb elevated.
– Regular use of pesticides.
FISSURE-IN-ANO (ANAL FISSURE)
Anal fissure is an elongated ulcer in the long axis of the lower anal canal.
CAUSES:
- Tearing down of an anal valve of Ball
– Women who have borne children
– An incorrectly performed operation for piles in which too much skin is removed
– Granulomatous infection e.g. Crohn’s disease or syphilis
– Chronic constipation.
SYMPTOMS:
- Sharp, agonizing pain while passing stools. The pain remains, at times for an hour or even more.
– Blood streaked stools
– Slight discharge from the anus
– Constipation- This normally results as the patient does not want to go through the agony of defecation.
DO’S & DON’TS:
- Sit in a warm water tub for 10-15 minutes after passing stools.
– Apply castor oil locally before passing stool to reduce the pain during defecation.
– Increase the intake of salads and fruits, and also drink plenty of water in order to avoid being constipated.
FLAT FOOT
It is a condition in which the longitudinal arch of the foot is reduced so that, on standing, the medial border of the foot is close to or in touch with the ground. There is some degree of twisting outwards of the foot. Normally all infants have flat foot up to the age of 1-2 years but if it persists after that, it can become a permanent structural defect.
CAUSES:
Congenital (since birth)
Muscle weakness of certain localized muscles
Paralysis
Poliomyelitis
SYMPTOMS:
Usually no symptoms
Parents observe in children that the uppers of the shoes bulge inwards and the heels wear out quickly at inner sides.
In adults pain and foot strain
In later life it can lead to osteoarthritis of the tarsal joints
DO’S & DON’TS:
In children above 3 years the corrective method is to tilt the shoe slightly to the lateral side by inserting a wedge medially between the layers of the heel and not the sole.
In older children an arch support can be inserted into the shoe (consult an expert for it)
Learn certain exercises from the doctor to strengthen the muscles
FLATULENCE
It is gas building up in the stomach and intestine. It can cause considerable discomfort and it has an embarrassingly audible way of showing its presence or escape. The gas can be expelled from the digestive system either by (i) belching from stomach. (ii) flatus from rectum.
CAUSES:
High fiber diet such as beans, vegetable, fruit and grains and partially digested food material on which bacteria grow and produce gas.
You take in air in your digestive tract while eating or drinking especially if you eat quickly. Also while drinking through a straw. And while smoking.
Infection of the digestive tract may increase the gas content.
SYMPTOMS:
Bloating of abdomen.
Pain in abdomen.
Belching.
Passing gas through rectum.
DO’S AND DONT’S:
Do not gulp your food. Chew your food well as unchewed food produces lots of gas.
If your gas is offensive avoid excessive protein intake by avoiding meat and eggs.
High carbohydrate diet favours fermentation. Hence rice, potatoes, sweet potatoes, turnip etc. should be limited. Avoid pulses and fibrous vegetables like cabbage & cauliflower. Avoid cheese, beans, alcohol, soya sauce, carbonated drinks-coke, thums-up, etc. Avoid fried food along with it also avoid spices. Garlic is favourable to avoid flatulence.
Take plenty of fluid. But avoid taking fluid during meals. Avoid over eating. Instead try taking small meals frequently (3-4 meals/day instead of two large meals per day). Avoid having heavy dinner at night.
Curds may be useful to change the intestinal flora. Flatulence is more common in obese people. Hence weight reduction will definitely help.
Regular exercises helps in digestion and expulsion of gases.
Yoga, meditation relieve stress and reduce gas production.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
If you have persistent problem of bloating of abdomen even after following diet for 2-3 days.
If you have persisted abdominal pain.
If with flatulence, you are losing weight.
FOREIGN BODY IN EYE
Anything from a speck of dirt, eyelash and even an insect can enter the eye causing redness, watering and intense discomfort.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Do not rub the eye as it will only increase the pain & cause swelling and damage the eye.
Blink repeatedly and wash the affected eye in an eyewash of plain luke warm water.
If this fails, wet a small clean piece of cloth and gently try to clean the eye.
It may help if you pull the eyelid up or down. Never try to remove the object by force or with a pointed instrument.
Never touch the object which is embedded in the eye.
See your doctor if object remains lodged in the eye.
FRACTURES
Fracture is a crack or a break in the bone. It may be due to a direct force, a twist or over stressing.
Recognize the signs of fracture.
The victim may tell you that he heard a bone break.
An obvious deformity of the affected part. Difficult or impossible movement of the affected part along with intense pain.
Swelling over the affected area.
DO’S & DONT’S:
An X-ray is important in such situations as even a severe sprain may mimic such a picture.
Steady and support the injured part with both hands by holding it at the joints, above and below the fracture site. Do not move the victim, unless very necessary. Immobilize the affected part.
Do not wash or probe the wound. Apply a clean cloth and tie a bandage over it.
Immobilize the injured part by securing it to an uninjured part of the body by using soft padding and bandages or slings. Use a firm and straight piece of wood as a splint to support the affected limb.
Use a clean cloth like a sheet or a handkerchief to make a sling to cradle and support the arm. Tie the knot behind the neck and make a V-shaped sling to rest the arm.
Check the pulse in the hand or foot after bandaging and whether the part is warm and normal in colour. If not, bandages are too tight so loosen them.
Check the ABCs – airway, breathing and circulation.
FROST BITE
Frostbite is a condition when there is decreased blood flow to the hands, face or feet. Prolonged exposure to cold cause ice crystals to form in all body tissues, when their temperature falls to less than -5*C.
It is a localized complication causing dehydration and ultimately death of cells. In severe cases there may be damage to underlying blood vessels and nerves.
CAUSES:
Prolonged exposure to cold e.g. waiting for a bus in winter, skiing, an icy wind, winter hill walk and so on Factors like smoking, alcohol, Drugs-sedatives, tranquilizers and old age are important predisposing factors Outdoor Workers or trauma victims are at special risk.
SYMPTOMS:
Affected part first becomes cold, hard, white and touch is not felt.
After warming, the affected part becomes blotchy red, painful, and swollen with throbbing pain Blisters and blue discolouration are other signs.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Remove the patient from cold to indoors or in a car, sleeping bag or survival bag.
Keep the person dry,. Check for pulse and respiration.
If conscious give some warm fluid with a high sugar content. Warm the damaged area by placing your warm hand on it or tucking in your armpit.
Keep the frost bitten part over chest level. Prop up legs. Wrap in warm blanket or clothing for general rewarming. Use Heated blankets heating pads Cautious rewarming is vital. Immerse the frozen body part for several minutes in water, no hotter than 40*-42*C (104-107*C). Gently stir water add warm water as it cools. Do not use direct heat like fire or radiator as it may damage the skin Remove any wet clothes from the affected part and anything that can slow circulation like rings, bangles etc. Do not squeeze rub the affected part.
Don’t burst any blisters or put any lotion.
Don’t let hot steam reach frost bitten part.
Protect affected body parts.
Place a clean dry cloth between frostbitten toes and fingers.
Avoid alcohol and smoking when waiting for help.
Prevent refreezing of frost bitter part.
For trips to cold areas dress appropriately in warm woolens. Cover hands and feet well in gloves and socks. Protect well from heat loss and wind chill.
Seek Medical help to prevent infection.
CONTACT NEARBY HOSPITAL IMMEDIATELY:
It may take 3 weeks to know whether tissues or dead or not. The affected area may heal or mummify without surgery, healing may take 6 to 12 months.
FROZEN SHOULDER
It is a restriction of shoulder motion in all directions. It is either due to inflammation of tendons that move the shoulder joint or the fibrous capsule of the joint. Sometimes a swelling of the soft sac that cushions the joint can also lead to this condition.
CAUSES:
Prolonged immobilization.
Sedentary workers-not much exercise or activity.
Diabetes
Old age.
SYMPTOMS:
Restricted motion of shoulder & difficulty in shoulder movements in any directions.
Difficulty in reaching up to brush hair, fastening buttons or zip at back, removing wallet from hip pocket. Pain and tenderness of shoulder.
Stiffness that worsens over several weeks.
Pain and stiffness may extend to neck and upper arm.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Regular exercise are a must. They need not be strenuous ones, but gentle stretching and movement exercises. For any shoulder pain do not stop using that arm see a doctor ask for physiotherapy. Avoid forceful movement of joint. Gradual stretching exercises which at first may be painful but should be done under guidance and then at home. Your perseverance with exercises will pay off.
Eat vegetables avoid meat, alcohol, tea, acid fruits, sugar. You can take a heating pad or a hot water bottle for temporary relief .
If the stiffness is very severe passive manipulation under anaesthesia may be required see your doctor . Keep patience it may take few months before you gain full motion a frozen shoulder can take from 6 months to few years.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
Severe stiffness of joint.
For physiotherapy guidance.
FUNGAL INFECTIONS
The warm moist areas, of the body like armpits, groin, in between the toes are the ideal places for fungal infections.
Termed as Ringworm, athlete’s foot, tinea, thrush depending on the site of infection, it is caused by the fungi which are multicellular branched filaments. These are contagious and spread through touch, sharing of clothes.
SYMPTOMS:
Raised inflamed well defined/ringed lesions with itching. Whitish flakes on tongue, in the ear canal or in between the toes.
CARE:
Take a bath atleast once a day and dry thoroughly. Do not leave the feet or the ears moist. Pat dry these parts and avoid harsh rubbing.
Do not mix the laundry of an infected person with those of others.
Wear cotton socks and underwear that absorb sweat easily. Wear open leather shoes and avoid trainers as they encourage sweating.
Do not machine wash linen or clothes at low temperatures. Soak the clothes of infected persons in hot water separately.Do not self medicate.
FURUNCLE [BOIL]
A furuncle / boil is an acute staphylococcal
[bacterial] infection of a hair follicle, with perifolliculitis, which usually proceeds to pus formation and death of the cells around it.
CAUSES:
- Bacterial [staphylococcal] infection
– Over study, examinations
– Debility
– Overwork
– Worry
– Other undermining influences
SYMPTOMS:
- A painful and indurated swelling
– Softness at the centre of the swelling after 2-3 days
– Discharge of pus
– Swelling and tenderness of the corresponding regional lymph nodes
DO’S & DON’TS:
- Improve personal hygiene
– Modify life style to reduce stress
– Have a healthy balanced diet
– Flush out the toxins by drinking plenty of water (hydration)
– Keep the infected part clean
– Do not try to break open the boil
Female Dysfunction
Recent research has indicated that the prevalence of sexual dysfunction is high in both the sexes. Amongst females, the prevalence ranges from 25% to 60%, the average being around 40%. The exact incidence is difficult to find out since a large number of cases go unreported. This may be due to the social stigma attached to sexual disorders. However, with changing times, more and more women are becoming open to discuss their sexual problems with their physician and seek treatment for the same too.
Any problem that keeps a woman from experiencing sexual pleasure can be included in the umbrella term ‘female sexual dysfunction’. Thus, female sexual dysfunction includes any of the complaints ranging from lack of sexual desire to absence of orgasm and anything in between. It is not uncommon for women to experience painful sexual intercourse (dyspareunia) but this again is one of the problems that go unreported.
An occasional problem with sexual function is a normal phenomenon but if this tends to get repetitive, timely treatment must be sought. Homeopathy evokes good response in most cases since the medicines work at the level of the body as well as mind. we have been treating female sexual dysfunction for around 5 years now and have had good response in most cases relieving many women from their suffering. It is suggested that patients opt for treatment early on so as to experience maximum benefits from the treatment.
» G
GALL STONES
Gall stones are small hard crystal like deposits that develop in the gall bladder or in the bile ducts that drain bile from the liver.
Bile is digestive juice produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder which in a small pear shaped organ. It is only when these stones get lodged in the duct and block it do the symptom arise.
There are three types of gall stones.
Cholesterol stones.
pigment stones.
Mixed stones, i.e. pigment & cholesterol Bile is made up mainly of cholesterol and Bile acids.
CAUSES:
Increase in cholesterol.
Break down of RBC due to some infections or disease e.g. sickle cell anaemia or malaria.
Infection of gall bladder.
Some risk factors could be:
Obesity.
Pre existing liver disease .
SIGN & SYMPTOMS:
Sudden onset.
Pain is in the right and upper abdomen.
Nausea and vomiting.
Fever.
Loss of appetite.
Dark urine.
Light coloured stools.
Pain is usually not relieved by antacids.
Jaundice.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Control your weight.
If obese,diet and regular exercise help to slim down.
A low fat diet is advised.
Avoid animal fats and dairy products such as paneer, cheese etc.
Take plenty of fresh vegetables and whole grains. Sunflower oil and safflower oil with Vitamin C help in reducing cholesterol content of bile.
Fresh lemon juice and bitter salads are especially useful. High fiber diet e.g. peas, beans, bran help in prevention of gall stone formation.
Moderate consumption of olive oil, 2tsp per day help in reduction of gall stones formation.
A substance called lecithin used as a thickener in ice-cream,is helpful in preventing gall stone formation. It is also found in soyabeans, oatmeal, eggs, milk, peanuts, cabbage and chocolate. Consult you doctor.
Gall stones are only one of the many possible cause of severe abdomen pain. Thus if pain persists .consult your doctor immediately.
If jaundice is noticed consult you doctor.
GANGLIA
It is a localized, tense, cystic swelling containing clear gelatinous fluid.
CAUSATION:
- They are probably caused by degeneration of fibrous tissue of capsules, ligaments and retinaculae.
– Injury.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Often painless.
– Always adjacent to tendon sheath, and joint capsules.
– Commonly found on dorsum of the foot and wrist.
– Small ganglia develop on the flexor aspect of the fingers and very painful and tender.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Prevent injury.
TREATMENT:
Sometimes they resolve on their own, if not and are very painful then surgery excision is an option.
GANGRENE
It means death of a tissue with associated putrefaction by bacteria.
CAUSES:
Obstruction to a artery from disease like
* Atherosclerosis
* Raynaud’s disease.
* Certain intra arterial injections.
Infection boils and carbuncles.
Traumatic e.g. direct crush injury, bed sores, fractures giving pressure on the artery.
Physical burns, excessive cold, frostbite, electric shocks, chemicals.
Diabetes.
Gangrene are of two types:-
1. Dry gangrene
2. Wet gangrene
SYMPTOMS:
The part affected has no pulsation, sensation, warmth, function. Colour changes e.g. pale, purple, grey. which finally appears greenish black or black.
Infection is mere marked in moist (wet) gangrene.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Take proper treatment for boils and carbuncles.
Keep the affected part absolutely dry.
Expose the part and a fan may assist in relieving pain.
Protect pressure area by giving good padding. In case of diabetes control blood sugar levels by taking medicines regularly and following diet. If a diabetic then never walk barefeet. Always wear well-padded shoes. Avoid playing with match stick, electric cables and chemicals which are known to be dangerous.
Contact your doctor immediately if you have any symptoms mentioned above for proper treatment and management.
GASTRITIS
It is a inflammation of the lining of the stomach.
CAUSES:
Stress, which may be mental or emotional. It is one of the major causes for this problem.
Increase in acidity.
Pain killers taken empty stomach or too much use of them.
Alcohol.
Infection from bacteria, viral from contaminated food or water. Over eating or eating of indigestible things (i.e. improper cooked food).
Highly spicy food.
Allergy-certain food allergies is known to cause gastritis.
Ingestion of certain chemicals e.g. acids.
Radiation.
SYMPTOMS:
A coated tongue
Bad taste in mouth
Nausea. Vomiting
Pain in abdomen
Fever
Loss of appetite
Diarrhoea, occasionally
Headache
DO’S & DONT’S:
In an acute attack,
First of all leave of all food for atleast 24 hours. Stick to bland light diet or liquids e.g. Khichri (porridge), Dal/rice, Fruit juices, Soups.
Avoid spicy food because that can irritate your stomach more. Have plenty of fluids like water but not milk – because it will increase the acid in stomach.
You can apply hot water pads over the stomach every 3 hours.
To prevent attacks,
Eat slowly and chew properly.
Eat regularly and avoid to eat in between the meals. Allow at least 5 hours in between meals.
Avoid alcohol.
Learn to recognize and tackle stress. At work, don’t accept unrealistic demands, always delegate work and set realistic goals. Learn time management and take regular exercise as activity reduces tension. Meditation & yoga will help you to achieve that. Make sure you get proper sleep. Wear loose and comfortable clothing.
Keep kitchen surfaces clean. Do keep all waste materials well away from food.
Do wash your hands before handling food and before meals.
Do not lie down immediately after having a meal.
Foods which cause problem should be avoided.
Do not eat food from the hawkers.
Do boil your water before drinking.
Avoid taking pain killers or if you have to take them then take after a meal and with lots of water.
Vitamin A and zinc may be helpful to heal the stomach lining.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR IMMEDIATELY:
If the attack of gastritis is severe (i.e. the pain is severe). If you are vomiting blood and black tarry stools (i.e. tar like stools).
GASTROENTERITIS (FOOD POISONING)
CAUSE:
The usual cause is germs that inflame the lining of the stomach and intestines.
Bacteria like Salmonella, Staphylococcus are the most common. Other bacteriae like Listeria ( from soft cheeses) and Campylobacter (from contaminated poultry, fish or unpasteurised milk) can also cause these symptoms.
Viruses like Rotavirus, which are spread by direct contact with either vomit or diarrhoea are known to cause outbreaks.
SYMPTOMS:
Suddenly developing symptoms after eating contaminated food.
Nausea and retching followed by vomiting.
Loose motions – may contain blood and mucous.
Abdominal pain and cramps.
Fever upto 100-102 degree fahrenheit with headache.
Dehydration after diarrhoea and vomiting.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Avoid eating food in restaurants where sanitation and hygiene is doubtful.
Do not consume anything from roadside vendors E.g. Samosas, Chinese food, limbu pani, etc.
Avoid drinking water from public conveniences. Carry your boiled water if necessary.
At Home,
Always wash your hands carefully after using the toilet & before eating.
Keep your cooking & kitchen surfaces clean. Cover any cuts or sores on your hands with waterproof plaster while cooking.
Cook and eat the same day. Cook food thoroughly and keep the time between preparation and consuming short. Do not leave food in warm pantries or kitchens. Refrigerate whatever cannot be consumed shortly.
Rinse off utensils properly of detergents and cleaning agents.
Double check tinned food for expiry dates. Always de-frost (thaw) frozen food esp. meat products before cooking.
Do not keep raw meat near cooked meat.
Keep all waste material well away from food in covered bins.
IN CASE OF DIARRHOEA:
Avoid solid food for atleast 24 hours.
Drink plenty of fluids like boiled water or lemon water with sugar and salt or 2 tbsp of apple or carrot juice every 15-30 minutes. Take oral electrolyte solutions like dioralyte from your chemist.
Eat light food like boiled rice or khichdi (porridge), veg. soups and juices, when symptoms subside.
Curds, stewed apples, boiled potatoes, boiled eggs, arrowroot kanji, chinagrass and ripe bananas can be taken. Avoid other milk products, raw food, non-veg, spicy and seasoned food till complete recovery.
GASTROENTERITIS (FOOD POISONING)
CAUSE:
The usual cause is germs that inflame the lining of the stomach and intestines.
Bacteria like Salmonella, Staphylococcus are the most common. Other bacteriae like Listeria ( from soft cheeses) and Campylobacter (from contaminated poultry, fish or unpasteurised milk) can also cause these symptoms.
Viruses like Rotavirus, which are spread by direct contact with either vomit or diarrhoea are known to cause outbreaks.
SYMPTOMS:
Suddenly developing symptoms after eating contaminated food.
Nausea and retching followed by vomiting.
Loose motions – may contain blood and mucous.
Abdominal pain and cramps.
Fever upto 100-102 degree fahrenheit with headache.
Dehydration after diarrhoea and vomiting.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Avoid eating food in restaurants where sanitation and hygiene is doubtful.
Do not consume anything from roadside vendors E.g. Samosas, Chinese food, limbu pani, etc.
Avoid drinking water from public conveniences. Carry your boiled water if necessary.
At Home,
Always wash your hands carefully after using the toilet & before eating.
Keep your cooking & kitchen surfaces clean. Cover any cuts or sores on your hands with waterproof plaster while cooking.
Cook and eat the same day. Cook food thoroughly and keep the time between preparation and consuming short. Do not leave food in warm pantries or kitchens. Refrigerate whatever cannot be consumed shortly.
Rinse off utensils properly of detergents and cleaning agents.
Double check tinned food for expiry dates. Always de-frost (thaw) frozen food esp. meat products before cooking.
Do not keep raw meat near cooked meat.
Keep all waste material well away from food in covered bins.
IN CASE OF DIARRHOEA:
Avoid solid food for atleast 24 hours.
Drink plenty of fluids like boiled water or lemon water with sugar and salt or 2 tbsp of apple or carrot juice every 15-30 minutes. Take oral electrolyte solutions like dioralyte from your chemist.
Eat light food like boiled rice or khichdi (porridge), veg. soups and juices, when symptoms subside.
Curds, stewed apples, boiled potatoes, boiled eggs, arrowroot kanji, chinagrass and ripe bananas can be taken. Avoid other milk products, raw food, non-veg, spicy and seasoned food till complete recovery.
GERMAN MEASLES (RUBELLA)
It is caused by a toga virus, which spreads by droplet infection.
CAUSATION:
It is a viral disease.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
-It affects older children, adolescent and young adults and spreads less
readily than measles.
-In children the symptoms so slight that the illness is rarely suspected till the rash develops.
-Pink spots first appear behind the ears and forehead then they spread rapidly to the trunk and then to the limbs.
-I adolescents and adults the onset is acute with fever and generalized aches and last only for 2 to 3 days only.
-Complications are rare.
-When it develops in the first 4 months of pregnancy, the child may be born with a congenital malformation such as cardiac or mental defects, cataract or deafness.
- Complete recovery is the rule.
DO’S & DONT’S:
-Regular vaccination. E.g. MMR vaccination at 9 months age of the child.
TREATMENT:
-If infection is known to affect in first 16 weeks of pregnancy, termination should be recommended.
GIARDIASIS
It is a parasitic infection affecting mainly the gastrointestinal tract. It is common in tropical countries.
It is common in children in endemic areas, tourists & patients in mental hospital.
CAUSATIONS:
It is caused by flagellate Giardia intestinalis, known also as Giardia lambia.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Recurrent attacks of diarrhea
. Vague pain in abdomen
. Urgency to pass loose motions
. Explosive loose pale stools
. Loss of appetite
. Weight loss
. Weakness
. Lethargy
. Gaseousness (Flatulence)
. Epigastric pain
. Nausea
DO’S & DON’TS:
. Oral fluids with salt & sugar given to prevent the dehydration
. Diet should be very light free from high proteins & fats
. Rest to combat weakness.
. Hot fomentation to the abdomen for some comfort
. Consult your physician for the treatment.
GIGANTISM
This is a rare disorder because of excessive secretion of GH (Growth Hormone) in the growing age before epiphyseal fusion has taken place.
CAUSATION:
The excessive secretion of GH is triggered by eosinophilic oedema; result is abnormally rapid and excessive growth of bones and soft tissue leading to a tall stature.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Skeletal changes: The person is very tall. Spinal cord deformity may cause kyphosis and scoliosis. Acromegalic features may be seen in some patients.
– Soft tissue and viscera: Hypertrophy of muscles and strength in early stages and as in acromegaly visceromegaly of liver, spleen, heart and kidneys may occur.
– Pressure effects: Eosinophilic oedemas are sizeable tumors and so there may be headache, visual defects may be present depending on the site of compression of the optic nerve.
– Other hormones: Due to simultaneous over production of gonadotrophins there may be early sexual development and vigour in early stages.
– Diabetes is rare.
– Later as this disease progresses there is atrophy of muscles and weakness, there is also relative sexual weakness. Thyroid deficiency may also set in.
– In uncontrolled cases the patient may die before age of 30 years with some musculo-sekeletal deformities, intercurrent infection or cardiac failure.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Early diagnosis is very important.
TREATMENT:
Treat the underlying cause.
GINGIVITIS
It is inflammation of gums caused by diet rich in refined sugars, vitamin C deficiency and poor dental hygiene.
The main cause is plaque – a layer of bacteria and other organic matter that forms on the tooth.
SYMPTOMS:
Red angry appearance of gums.
Bleeding on touch.
Bad breath.
Difficulty in speech and swallowing.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
Dental plaque, a thin film containing bacteria that forms between the teeth and gums is the major cause of tooth problems. To remove plaque teeth must be brushed for atleast five minutes morning or night.
Do not put water on the brush; the saliva in your mouth provides all the moisture needed. Too much paste or water only hamper the process of cleaning.
Floss once before going to bed.
However, avoid over vigorous brushing or flossing. Clean your mouth with water everytime after you eat anything Cut down on sweets and carbohydrates.
Dental check up once in 6 months is a must.
CONSULT A DENTIST :
In case of bleeding gums, fever with toothache may be suggestive of infection Avoid excessive hot, cold and acidic drinks as these aggravate pain.
Eat a diet rich in Vitamin E, C, A and Zinc, Vitamin B complex.
Sucking on ice cubes will reduce swelling.
GLAUCOMA
It is an eye disorder in which the pressure within the eye increases. This may result in pressure on the optic nerve leading ultimately to loss of vision.
Normal pressure of the eye is between : 12 – 20 mm of Hg
TYPES:
1) Open Angle
2) Close Angle
CAUSES:
Hereditary
Females affected more than males
Diabetes mellitus
Drugs, like antidepressants, antihypertensives & steroids.
Cataract
Steroidal eye drops – long term use
Stress
Eyestrain – prolonged.
Prolonged working conditions in bad light.
SYMPTOMS:
Dull ache in or around one eye
Mildly blurred vision
Symptoms occur when watching TV or movies in a dark room or
reading in less light
The symptoms are better by sleep or rest
Dilated pupil
Increased lacrymation (tears)
Haloes around lights.
Headache
Nausea & vomiting
Swelling of the lid
DO’S & DONT’S:
See your doctor immediately to start proper treatment If you have diabetes or hypertension take regular treatment for it.
Avoid stress
Avoid self medication of eye drops esp. If diagnosed go for regular follow up Avoid working or reading in bad light. The light source should be behind your shoulders while reading.
Avoid watching TV in a dark room
Avoid smoking & alcohol as they predispose to such ailments. Diet should be rich in green vegetables, fruits, vitamin C containing foods like oranges, lemons, grapes, calcium , vitamin A & vitamin B Exercising your eyes may help this include moving eyes generally up and down, side to side, in a circle & rotating the neck in circle and semi circle.
Fresh air and gentle outdoor exercise like walking are beneficial for general healthiness.
GLOSSITIS
It is inflammation of the tongue which may be acute or chronic.
It may be a manifestation of a systemic disease
CAUSES:
Local
Infection – bacteria, virus, fungal
Trauma of ill fitting dentures, sharp tooth & burns
Irritants like hot food, alcohol, tobacco
Chemicals like mouth wash, dyes
Drugs like antibiotics
Anxiety & depression
Old age
Poor nutrition
Lack of Vit B complex and folic acid
Anaemia
HIV
Skin diseases
Cancer of tongue
SYMPTOMS:
Red and swollen tongue – tip and edges
White patches on tongue (fungal or pre-cancerous)
Painful burning on tongue
Hairy (thickly coated) tongue – following antibiotics
Pale tongue in Anaemia
Cracks on tongue
DO’S & DONT’S:
Eat a well balanced diet rich in vitamins like green leafy vegetables, milk, cheese, eggs, meat, fish, etc. Maintain good oral hygeine and brush teeth and clean tongue regularly.
Avoid using a hard toothbrush and sharp tongue cleaner
Avoid hard and vigorous brushing
Avoid mouth washes, toothpastes that don’t agree with you
Avoid hot spicy food
Avoid chewing pan, tobacco
Avoid smoking
Get yourself checked by a dentist if you have a sharp tooth or ill fitting dentine Vitamin B complex supplement may help.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
If you here recurrent glossitis
If you here white patches in the oral cavity If you here a painless single ulcer.
GLUCOSE 6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY
G6 Phosphate is the enzyme from which RBC’s derive most of its energy. The pathway of this enzyme protects the red cells against damage due to oxidation. In its absence the protective mechanism is impaired & certain drugs in sufficient concentration can seriously injure red cells.
CAUSATIONS:
. Inherited as X-linked recessive disorder.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
.Normally good health
. If any drug or food is ingested which is not tolerated causes haemolysis.
. Anaemia
. In very severe cases anuria can occur
DOS & DON’TS OF THE DISEASE:
. Awareness as to which drugs are not tolerated.
. This list should be always presented before starting any treatment.
TREATMENT:
.Correction of anaemia
. Consult your physician if the presentation is severe.
GOITRE
It is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, and may be symmetrical, asymmetrical or nodular.
CAUSATION:
- Iodine deficiency goiter.
– Autoimmune thyroiditis.
– Sub acute thyroiditis.
– Postpartum thyroiditis.
– Familial goiter.
– Malignancy especial in older age group.
– Idiopathic ingestion of drugs with goitrogenic action.
– Family history of goiter may suggest autoimmune thyroiditis.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Cervical discomfort.
– Dysphagia which means difficulty in swallowing.
– Hoarseness of voice.
– The enlargement may have varied consistency firm or hard. It may be tender or painless.
DO’S & DONT’S:
- Adequate intake of iodine in food. E.g. one can use iodized salt.
TREATMENT:
- Treat the primary cause.
– Through investigation to confirm the diagnosis (USG, MRI, FNAC, TSH levels etc.).
GONORRHOEA
It is a genito-urinary infection caused by bacterium called ‘Neisseria gonorrhoae’.
It is also seen in infants as redness of eyes soon after
delivery by infected mothers
SYMPTOMS:
Pus-like thick yellowish green discharge from urethra
Increase frequency of urination with burning while urinating
Severe lower abdominal pain
Nausea,fever, vomiting,chills
It may be asymptomatic in females
DO’S & DON’TS:
Practice safe sex. Do not have sexual intercourse with a partner who has infection. Use condoms when in doubt. If symptoms develop, both partners should be tested Eat a balanced diet esp. with juices of pomegranate and yoghurt.
Ice packs may help reduce abdominal pain
Take doctors opinion as soon as symptom appear or your partner is infected
Do not neglect this condition or self medicate
GOUT
It is a joint disorder in which uric acid crystals deposit in the joint space giving rise to severe pain swelling and redness of the joint.
CAUSES:
Hereditary or familial tendency. Chances of males being affected more.
Stress
Alcohol and dietary excess, esp. of food rich in proteins such ad redmeat, liver, kidney, cheese, etc.
Kidney failure.
Hypertension.
Obesity. 80% of people with high triglycerides have gout.
Diabetes.
Thyroid disorder.
Drugs like diuretics.
SYMPTOMS:
Sudden onset of severe joint pain mainly affecting great toe but may affect any other joint.
Joint swelling.
Redness.
Tenderness.
Heat of joint.
It occurs unexpectedly and can be very severe but the symptoms normally do not last for more than a week. Chronic suffers may find tiny, hard lumps accumulating over the soft flesh of hands feet or ear lobes.
The uric acid deposits may affect the kidney forming stones.
DO’S DONT’S:
If you have a family history of gout, decrease intake of alcohol, fats, meat.
Prefer a largely vegetarian diet with plenty of salads. Avoid red meat, coffee, alcohol, cheese, sugar, liver, kidney, animal fat, sweetbread, yeast, spinach, dried beans. Foods that suppress the symptoms of gout are cereals, fruits (except bananas, custard apple, pear & pomegranate), green leafy vegetables, cherries, strawberries.
Eat white meat like chicken instead of red meat. Drink plenty of fluids like water, fruit juices to wash off the uric acid in urine and to flush the kidney of the crystals. Stop alcohol.
During acute pain keep the affected joint uncovered as covering increases the discomfort of a swollen sensitive joint. Cold compress will help to relieve pain. You can rest the gouty foot in a cardboard box during sleep as pressure of a sheet or blanket can increase the pain. If overweight, exercise to reduce weight.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
If the acute attack has subsided and even if there are no symptoms as there may be deposition in your kidney get yourself checkup and evaluated.
You are getting repeated attacks.
If you are on medication for gout but your symptoms are increasing, it may be a dry side effect.
GULLIAIN-BARRE’S SYNDROME
It is the infective disease of peripheral nerves. It usually follows respiratory infection.
CAUSATIONS:
. Viral respiratory diseases
. Bacterial diseases
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Pain in the back
. Tingling in the distal part of the lower limbs which gradually progresses upward
. Weakness in the proximal extremity muscles
. Loss of reflexes
. Facial muscle weakness
. Occasionally quadriparesis (weakness in all the 4 extremities)
. Respiratory failure
. Dyspnoea
DO’S & DON’TS:
. Careful monitoring of the respiratory function is essential
. Consult physician for symptomatic treatment
. Weakness in the extremities may require physiotherapy
. Administration of B vitamin is necessary for nerve strengthening.
. Oxygen may be required in severe cases.
. Diet should be rich in proteins
GUM BLEEDING
Bleeding from the gums can occur because of various reasons & should be treated urgently.
CAUSATIONS:
. Inflammation of the gums (Gingivitis)
. Inflammation of gums & oral cavity
. Bleeding disorders
Thrombocytopenia
Hemophilia
Leukemia
Absence of anticoagulants
. Abnormalities of vessel wall
Scurvy
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
Diseases of the connective tissue
Pseudoxanthoma
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Bleeding from the gums
. Swelling of gums
. Inflammation of the tongue & oral cavity
. Pain while chewing
. Sometimes gum ulcers
. Burning in the oral cavity
DO’S & DON’TS:
. Cold application given to stop the bleeding
. Drinks rich in ‘c’ vitamin are recommended.
. Treat the cause of the gum bleeding by consulting your physician.
GYNAECOMASTIA
It is an enlargement of the male breast. It can be unilateral or bilateral.
CAUSATION:
Idiopathic: Neonatal, pubertal, or senile.
- Hormonal: As a result of teratoma of the testis, carcinoma of bronchi, adrenal or pituitary disease, after castration.
- Associated with Leprosy: Possibly this is the result of bilateral testicular atrophy, which is a frequent accompaniment of leprosy.
- Associated with liver failure: Occurs in cirrhosis of liver due to failure of the liver to metabolize oestrogens.
- Drugs: Adverse effects of drugs like digitalis, isoniazid, etc.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- The enlargement can be small to full blown enlargement showing characteristics of a well developed female organ.
– Sometimes it is tender.
DO’S & DONT’S:
- Avoid harmful drugs.
TREATMENT :
- Treat the primary cause.
– Surgery provided the patient is healthy.
» H
HAEMATEMESIS
It is vomiting of blood.
CAUSES:
Swallowed blood of nosebleed, of mouth, of expectoration. Diseases of oesophagus are ulcer, carcinoma, foreign body, trauma, rupture of wall due to repeated vomiting, rupture of major blood artery (aorta) into oesophagus. Diseases of stomach- acute gastritis, chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, drugs, alcohol, carcinoma.
Duodenum- ulcer, carcinoma.
Liver disease-cirrhosis.
Blood diseases- scurvy, cancer.
Acute fevers- malaria, dengue, malignant measles.
Systemic diseases- hypertension, renal failure.
Following- abdomen injury, abdomen surgery, burns.
SYMPTOMS:
Sudden vomiting of blood.
The colour of vomit is dark like coffee grounds normally, Occasionally fresh blood or blood clots may be seen.
DO’S & DONT’S:
The condition can be fatal as one can’t see how much more blood is collecting within. Contact your doctor immediately do not ignore it.
Do not ever induce vomiting.
Avoid spicy food, alcohol, self medication with drugs.
HAEMATURIA
Haematuria is the presence of blood in the urine. The blood may come from the kidneys, one or both ureters, the bladder or the urethra.
CAUSES:
IN THE URINARY TRACT-
1. KIDNEY
-Abnormalities since birth
-Polycystic disease
-Angioma (ulceration of blood vessels)
- Stone in the kidney
-Mobile kidneys
- Bacterial infection of the kidney and its pelvis
- Inflammation of the kidney and glomerulus
-Tuberculosis
-Neoplasm: renal carcinoma (cancer), Wilm’s tumor
-Drugs- sulphonides, anticoagulants
-Trauma- ruptured kidney
-Oxaluria
-Post operative- after nephro or pyelolithotomy or partial nephrectomy
-Radiation damage
-Hereditary nephritis
-Renal embolization (the sudden blockage of an artery by a clot or foreign material)/ infarction
-Analgesic nephropathy (resulting because of intake of painkillers)
-Unknown origin- “renal epistaxis”
-loin pain/ haematuria syndrome
2. URETERS
-Injury
-Stone
-Infection
-Tumors- papilloma, carcinoma
3. PROSTRATE
-Benign (not cancerous) hypertrophy (enlargement or growth due to increase in size of its cells)
-Cancer
4. BLADDER
-Diverticulum (circumscribed pouch or sac)
-Trauma-instrumental or after operations
-Calculus or foreign body
-Tuberculosis
-Tumors- simple, papilloma, carcinoma
-Ulcers
-Chemical cystitis (e.g. after cylophosphamide)
-Parasitic- filariasis etc
5. URETHRA
-Malformations
-Injuries
-Calculus or foreign body
-Infections
-Tumors
-Nevus (circumscribed stable malformation of the mucosa)
SYSTEMIC
CAUSES:
-Bleeding diathesis
-Collagen disorders- SLE, PAN
-Sub acute infective, inflammation of the endocardium (endothelial lining of the heart)
-Cryoglobulinemias
-Amyloidosis
-Acute fever – malignant malaria
-Severe exertion (e.g. jogging)
PRECIPITATING
CAUSES:
-Trauma
-Jolting or exercise in kidney stone
-Instrumentation
-Intercourse
SYMPTOMS:
-Passage of blood in the urine
-Pain
Colicky in stone
Loin pain suggests renal cause
Pain at the tip of penis indicates irritation of the trigone (a triangular area in the bladder)
Pain in the perineal (pelvic floor) area- cancer of the bladder or prostate
Pubic or lowest middle abdominal region pain in inflammation of the bladder.
Haematuria precedes pain in tuberculosis and new growth in kidney; follows pain
in renal stone
-Absence of pain
Enlarged congested prostate
Early stage of cancer of bladder
Renal tumors
Congenital cystic kidneys
Tuberculosis
Systemic causes
Simple papilloma
-Increased frequency of urination
Local causes in the bladder
Pyelitis
Tuberculosis
-Constitutional symptoms
Fever in pyelitis and cystitis
Rash or eruption in acute fevers
Hemorrhage elsewhere in the body
Purpura
Hemophilia
Fevers
Hypertension
DO’S AND DON’TS:
-Drink plenty of water.
-Avoid straining hard while urinating.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR :
-to determine the cause as that is very essential
-if the bleeding is severe or occurs frequently.
HAEMOPHILIA
It is a hereditary disorder in which the blood clots very slowly, due to a deficiency of one of the coagulation factors. Hemophilia A (deficiency of factor VIII: C) is about 5 times more common than hemophilia B (deficiency of factor IX). All daughters of patient with hemophilia are carriers of the disease and all the sons are normal.
CAUSES:
-Inherited
SYMPTOMS:
At birth
-Bleeding through the spinal cord
-Encephalohematoma (accumulation of blood in the brain)
During childhood
-Spontaneous bleeding into the joints and muscles (including the psoas muscle)
Adults
-Frequency of spontaneous bleeding usually decreases, but joints may already have been damaged.
-Spontaneous bleeds are common in mildly affected individuals.
-Intracranial hemorrhage
Abnormal bleeding after trivial or severe injury or surgery depends on the severity of hemophilia.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
-Genetic counseling is important in families affected by haemophilia.
-Vaccinations against Hepatitis A and B are desirable.
CALL THE DOCTOR:
-Intracranial bleeding is a life threatening complication and needs immediate medical attention.
-If the bleeding is too severe, replacement of the missing factor is to be done
HAEMOPTYSIS
It means spitting of blood. It may be strictly blood alone or mixed with sputum. It is always produced by coughing. In haemoptysis blood is brought up from the chest when coughing. But blood from the nose, mouth larynx, pharynx, may give a false impression of haemoptysis. It is easy to distinguish between vomiting and spitting of blood unless the spitting is in very large quantities.
CAUSES:
Respiratory
Infection bacterial, worms
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Lung abscess
Trauma
Cancer
Cardiac diseases
Diseases of immune system
Bleeding disorders
Blood cancer
Following instrumentation for diagnosis
From mouth, pharynx and larynx.
Trauma
Tuberculosis
Infection of bacteria
Cancer bleeding gums, chronic cough.
SYMPTOMS:
Spitting of blood following cough. Usually it would be a chronic cough Normally blood is bright red in colour. Symptoms of underlying diseases.
Fever.
Loss of weight.
Loss of appetite.
Breathlessness.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Never ignore this symptom of spitting of blood while coughing. Consult your doctor immediately for diagnosis and early treatment.
Maintain oral hygiene.
Avoid vigorous brushing.
Warm water gargles soothe your throat. Have good nutritious diet to maintain good immunity. Eat fresh fruits and vegetables atleast twice a day. Choose lean meats and have atleast one meat free day in the week. Fish is healthier and lower in calories than red meat. Start the day with a good breakfast. Milk provides proteins and is good source of carbohydrates. Have plenty of vegetables and fresh soups which contain vitamins and minerals for lunch. Grill or bake your food than fry it. Drink plenty of water and take fresh fruits or raw vegetables or yoghurt for snacks. Reduce caffeine intake and avoid food with additives.
Avoid smoking.
Avoid alcohol.
HAY FEVER
It is an allergic response to pollen grain or other substances and inspite of the name it is neither caused by hay nor associated with fever.
CAUSES:
Exposure to allergens.
Animal and Plant Protein.
Pollen.
Molds.
Mite dust.
Feathers.
Animal dander ( tiny skin flakes animals shed along with fur).
Insect Debris esp. of cockroaches
SYMPTOMS:
It may be seasonal, especially spring and summer or throughout the year. The symptoms are:
Itchy painful nose, throat and roof of mouth.
Prolonged violent sneezing.
Nasal stuffiness and congestion.
Watery itchy eyes.
Nasal discharge.
Headache or head heaviness.
Ear pressure and fullness.
Lethargy & fatigue.
Irritation in throat & cough.
Mouth breathing.
Post nasal drip.
Loss or alteration of sense of smell.
Voice change.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Strengthen your immune system with a healthy lifestyle & wholesome food, exercise & vitamin supplements. Keep your home clean.
When going into polluted atmosphere, gardens etc. and hold a handkerchief over the nose and mouth.
Resist the temptation to rub your eyes. Wash your face, hands and hair and rinse your eyes when coming from outdoors.
Remove thick carpets, heavy drapes and upholstered furniture.
Put plastic covers on mattresses and pillows.
Keep floor clean.
Wear a mask when vacuuming.
Avoid mowing lawn or gardening or do so with a mask on.
Avoid exposure to animals.
Avoid environmental irritants – dusk, smoke.
Try for a limited outside exposure during season.
Large doses of Vitamin C may be helpful.
CONTACT YOUR DOCTOR IF:
Your symptoms are very severe like breathlessness.
Fever.
Green nasal discharge.
Tenderness around the nose and eyes (sinuses)
HEAD BANGING
It is a rhythmic habit in which the child or an adult repeatedly strikes his head against a solid object; it is often accompanied by rocking.
CAUSES:
-Can be a part of normal development in a child
-Mental retardation
-Organic brain syndromes
-Infantile autism
-Underlying anger and obstinacy
-Anxiety
-A child who has no new activity
-Manipulative or attention seeking behavior
DO’S AND DON’TS:
-Reassure the parents that this can be taken care of
-During the acute stage of temper tantrums, the child should be best ignored.
-Precautions should be taken so that the child / the person does not injure himself but undue anxiety should not be shown as otherwise he may repeat such acts again in order to gain sympathy.
-Faulty parental attitude needs to be corrected.
-Provide the child/ person with more outlets to express his anger and anxiety
-Remove the person’s/ child’s anxiety, frustration etc.
-Child should be reinforced with gifts if he does not show such behavior in a fixed time.
CONSULT THE DOCTOR:
For management of organic causes
HEADACHE
Headaches are of various types like tension headaches, migraine, cluster headaches and sinus headaches.
CAUSES:
Most of headaches are caused by tension in the muscles of the neck and scalp after periods of stress and concentration. Eyestrain rarely produces headache (contrary to popular belief) and if it does it usually arises from astigmatism. Other causes range from sensitivity to certain foods like cheese, wines, changes in weather and altitudes, hormonal fluctuations, emotions, certain medicines (the oral contraceptive pill may also cause headaches, esp. during the pill-free week), smoking, alcoholism, as a forerunner of flu, after headinjury, meningitis, etc.
SYMPTOMS:
Migraines are usually severe throbbing and involve one side of the head of sudden onset accompanied with vomiting, blurring of vision.
Dull steady ache as of a band around head in tension headaches. Throbbing pain with nasal congestion as in sinus headaches A sudden, severe headache like a blow may indicate internal bleeding somewhere underneath the brain. Meningitis produces severe headache aggravated from light and accompanied by stiff neck.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Avoid cheese, wine, nuts, chocolate, alcohol, coffee in migraine.
A nutritious diet with multivitamins keeps you fit. Avoid self medication. Aspirins and paracetamols are only of limited value on tension headaches.
Stay away from noise light, TV, crowd when you get first sign of headache.
Lie in a dark room with cold compresses till you feel better.
Massage to scalp relieves tension headache. Do not tax your intellectual faculties nor your eyes during headache.
You relieve tension in the muscles of the body by progressive muscular relaxation, in which all muscles are tensed first and then consciously relaxed in turn starting from toes upwards.
Consult a doctor if symptoms are severe or if associated symptoms are present.
Get your blood pressure checked if dull headaches persist for long.
HEART ATTACK
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
Chest pain which can be very severe and may radiate to one or both the arms, sometimes to the neck or the jaw also. Breathlessness.
Dizziness
Sweating.
Irregular heart beats
Pale bluish lips or fingernails
Clammy skin
And a sense of anxiety and fear
DO’S & DONT’S:
Make the patient lie down calmly.
Loosen all tight clothing esp. around the neck, chest and waist. Keep the patient warm and soak the forehead with a cool wet cloth.
Do not try to revive an unconscious person by slapping, shaking or throwing cold water on him.
Do not give anything to eat or drink
Find out whether the person is responsive,either by asking him, "are you alright?" or by shaking him (not vigorously). If there is absolutely no response, seek immediate help. Call up the nearest casualty or hospital and very calmly, give all information. Do not hang up in panic till the information is properly given.
Check the ABCs – airway, breathing and circulation To clear the airway, Open the mouth and clear the airway of vomitus, saliva, foreign body or blood.
Tilt the head and lift up the chin.
Lift and pull forward the lower jaw. This will lift up the tongue which is falling back and choking the airway.
Watch the chest for movements or feel the breath at the nostril as evidence of breathing If there is no evidence of breathing, then start mouth to mouth breathing as follows.
Pinch the persons nose closed. Take a deep breath yourself and blowout at the persons mouth forming a tight seal with your mouth. Watch the chest rise as you blow. If the chest fails to rise, reposition the persons head and try again or think of airway obstruction.
Feel for the pulse. Locate the adams apple with your fingers and slide your fingers into the groove besides it, or put your ear in front of the left side of the chest to hear heart beats. If no heartbeats or pulsations felt then give a thump with a closed fist on the heart area.
Start cardiac massage. Feel and locate the breast bone in the midline. Place the heel of your right hand two fingers above the tip of the breast bone. Place cross wise the left hand on top of the right hand.
Position your body, so that the shoulders are directly above your hands, with arms stretched and elbows locked. With a firm thrust push the breast bone 1.5 to 2 inches down.
Release and repeat.
Continue artificial breathing and cardiac massage till help arrives. Give about two mouth to mouth breaths followed by fifteen cardiac massage pushes, then recheck for a pulse .
If the victim is not breathing but has a pulse, give breaths. For an adult or child over eight years old, give 1 breath every five seconds. Check for pulse every 12 breaths.
HEART BURN (PYROSIS)
Heartburn is a sensation of warmth or burning in the sub sternum (in the middle of the chest) and epigastrium (upper and middle part of the abdomen) with radiation into the neck and sometimes into the arms. It can be mild, moderate or severe. It is normal when occurs occasionally but frequent and severe heartburn is a manifestation of some oesophageal dysfunction.
CAUSES:
Hyperacidity
Duodenal ulcer
Reflux of gastric contents into oesophagus
Oesophagitis
Hiatus hernia
Emotional factors like fear, anger, tension etc
SYMPTOMS:
Burning sensation in the middle of chest and upper abdomen
It is aggravated after a large meal, stooping, bending.
Spontaneous appearance of fluid in mouth (water brash), which may be salty, sour or bitter
Discomfort, which is aggravated by hot or cold foods, citrus juices and alcohol
DO’S & DON’TS:
Avoid oily and fatty food
Avoid spicy food
Do not sleep immediately after meals
Take small meals frequently instead of a large meal
Do relaxation techniques like meditation and yoga
HEAT STROKE
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
Increased body temperature 104 degree F or more.
Headache and dizziness.
Flushed dry hot skin.
Fast and strong pulse.
Confusion
Restlessness
Sometimes it may lead to seizures and unconsciousness.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Remove the victim from the source of heat preferably to the shade or a cool room.
Undress the victim and wrap him in a sheet soaked in cold water.
Sponge his body with cold or tepid water. You can fan his body with the hand or electric fan or even the hairdryer set on cold.
When the temperature comes down below 100 degree F, remove the wet sheet, but continue fanning.
If fully conscious, start giving sips of water or electrolyte solution.
Do not rub alcohol to cool the parts.
Put the victim in recovery position if unconscious. Support the victim’s head and roll him onto his stomach. Bend the victim’s arm and knee that are nearest to you. Carefully tilt the back of the head so that the airway remains open. Keep fanning till help arrives.
HEMIPLEGIA
Hemiplegia is paralysis of one side of the body.
CAUSES:
Sudden onset
Encephalitis
Meningitis
Cerebro-vascular accident, brain hemorrhage
Fracture, injury
Hypertensive encephalopathy
High blood pressure
Migraine (classical)
Post- epileptic paralysis
Multiple sclerosis
Uremia (retention of urea in the blood)
Hysterical
Gradual onset
Diabetes
Heart diseases
Brain tumors
Brain abscess
Internal Carotid artery occlusion
Subdural haematoma (blood clot in the brain between the dura and arachnoid mater)
General paralysis of the insane
Congenital defects
Temporary or transient hemiplegia
Transient cerebral ischemia (lack of blood supply to brain)
Embolism from heart
Epilepsy
Migraine
Brain tumors
Anemia
Hypoglycemia
Hysterical
SYMPTOMS:
Loss of power of the affected part
Impairment of superficial and loss of deep sensation to pain stimulus
Tremors on opposite side
Puffing of cheek of the hemiplegic side during respiration
Nasolabial fold obliterated
Diminished corneal reflex
Pupil large on side of hemorrhage
Temperature of paralyzed side usually higher
Aphasia (loss of production and comprehension of speech and language)
DO’S & DON’TS:
Control hypertension, diabetes, and cholesterol
Stop smoking
Passive movements to be done in order to prevent contracture and deformities
Regular physiotherapy
Language training in aphasia
HEMORRHAGE
Hemorrhage is escape of blood from the vessels
[bleeding].
CAUSES:
- In asphyxia
– From ruptured varicose veins.
– Portal hypertension with esophageal varices
– Hemophilia
– At the time of injury or operations-
Due to rolling /slipping of a ligature or dislodgement of a clot
Due to rise of blood pressure and the refilling of the venous system on recovery
from shock
Due to restlessness, coughing and vomiting that raise the venous pressure
When penetrating wounds involve main veins in the thigh or groin
Due to infection and sloughing of part of the wall of an artery which can result from-
: Pressure of a drainage tube.
: A fragment of bone.
: A ligature in an infected area.
: Cancer
– As a complication of arterial surgery and amputations.
– Peptic ulcer.
– In advanced cancer, because of erosion of a main vessel [e.g.-carotid, uterine] by a locally ulcerating growth.
-Internal concealed hemorrhage-
: Ruptured spleen or liver.
: Fractured femur
: Ruptured ectopic gestation.
: Cerebral hemorrhage
: Ruptured kidney
– Accidental uterine hemorrhage of pregnancy
– Bleeding piles.
– Fibroids
– Cancer of the caecum
– Polyps
– Epistaxis
[bleeding from nose]
– Rectal cancer
SYMPTOMS:
- External bleeding.
– If bleeding is internal, signs and symptoms of shock would be evident:
: Air hunger
: Cold and clammy skin
: Increased thirst
: Deep sighing respiration [air hunger]
: Ringing sound in the ears
: Blindness
DO’S & DON’TS:
- If the bleeding site is external, stop the blood loss by pressure and packing.
– Elevation of limbs [in ruptured varicose veins] uses gravity to reduce bleeding Elevation also causes the blood vessels to contract, thereby reduces bleeding.
– Use a bed elevator to raise the foot of the bed to facilitate better flow to the brain and the restoration of a satisfactory blood pressure
– Absolute bed rest is vital. Nurse the patient in a comfortable recumbent position. He should not wash or feed himself. He needs to be assisted for turning in bed, which must be at least two-hourly to prevent pressure sores.
– Sedate the patient to relieve his anxiety and to give rest to him.
CALL THE DOCTOR:
- For blood transfusion
– When the bleeding is severe and needs to be arrested immediately
HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
Hepatic encephalopathy is a reversible state of impaired cognitive function or altered consciousness. It may complicate acute or chronic liver disease, or occasionally results from a deficiency of a urea cycle enzyme.
CAUSES:
-Elevated levels of ammonia
-Elevated levels of glutamate (the principal excitatory neurotransmitter)
-Gamma-amino butyric acid, benzodiazepine receptor antagonists and neurosteroid
-Altered branched-chain aminoacid: aromatic amino ratio
-Other contributing substances e.g. short-chain and long-chain fatty acids, and mercaptan which act as false neurotransmitters
-Precipitating causes
A). Gastrointestinal bleeding
B). Constipation
C). High protein diet
D). Electrolyte imbalance due to diuresis, vomiting or diarrhea
E). Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
F). Urinary or chest infections
G). Drugs- sedatives, alcohol withdrawal
H). Surgery- post-surgical Porto systemic shunt or Trans jugular Porto systemic shunt
SYMPTOMS:
-Altered consciousness- abnormal sleep pattern, drowsiness or coma
-Monotonous speech
-Intellectual disturbances
-Behavioral changes
-Fetor hepaticus
-Decerebrate posturing
DO’S AND DON’TS:
-Empty bowel of nitrogen content- Control bleeding
-Protien-free diet
HEPATITIS ‘A’
It is infection of the liver caused by Hepatitis ‘A’ virus and is commonly known as jaundice. Most of these infections occur in early life. Children are most commonly affected and conditions of overcrowding and poor sanitation facilitate the spread. It is an acute infection and there is no chronic carrier state.
CAUSES:
Spread by faeco-oral route. Infected persons excrete viruses in their stools for about 2-3 weeks before the onset of illness.
Contamination of food and water
Eating road side food
Inadequate sanitation
Poor personal hygiene
Traveling in endemic areas
SYMPTOMS:
Fatigue
Weakness
Listlessness
Loss of appetite
Loss of weight
Nausea
Vomiting
Muscle ache and pains
A smoker may have distaste for smoking
Fever for 2-5 days till appearance of jaundice
Mild, dull aching pain in the right upper part of the abdomen in the region of the liver
Sore feeling in the upper abdomen due to constant vomiting
Jaundice on third or fourth day which gradually increases and may last for six weeks. Yellowness of eyes is seen
Stools are light in color
Itching of the skin in some cases
DO’S & DON’TS:
Avoid eating road side food
Observe good hygiene like washing hands before eating, washing fruits, vegetables etc thoroughly before eating
Do not eat uncovered food
Avoid drinking water outside. Drink boiled water which is boiled for 10 minutes.
Avoid fatty food like meat and animal products, dairy products like milk, cheese, etc
Avoid fried and oily food stuff.
Avoid intake of alcohol for 6 months
Take bed rest till the acute illness in under control
Take a diet rich in carbohydrates and proteins. Take about 60-80 gms. of proteins daily in the form of skimmed milk, fish, curds etc. Take plenty of carbohydrates in the form of fruit juice, honey, sugar cane juice etc.
HEPATITIS ‘B’
It is the infection of the liver by hepatitis ‘B’ virus. It is described as viraemia and there is hepatic inflammation continuing for more than 6 months after the virus infection. It is a chronic form of hepatitis which normally presents with no symptoms and patients are usually diagnosed following blood donation or during routine blood screening.
CAUSES:
Blood or plasma transfusions
Through injections because of contaminated needles
Acupuncture needles
During dental extraction
Operations
Tattooing
Ear piercing
Sharing syringes and needles in drug addicts
Through razors, nail clippers and tooth brushes
Transmission of the virus from mother (chronic carriers) to infant, or when the mother suffers from acute viral hepatitis during the last trimester of pregnancy
Sexually transmitted
Among male homosexuals due to anal intercourse
Since the virus is also present in the saliva kissing may also transmit the infection
SYMPTOMS:
Usually there are no symptoms
Fatigue
General malaise
Body ache
Discomfort in the right upper part of the abdomen
Liver failure may develop occasionally in long standing cases
Only in later stages patients may present with hepatic encephalopathy
DO’S & DON’TS:
Insist your physician to use disposable syringe and needle if any kind of injections are to be taken or during blood collection in a pathology laboratory
Avoid unsafe sex
Avoid tattooing
Avoid sharing razors and toothbrushes etc
Avoid sharing of needles in addicts using injectible drugs
Ask the professional to use sterilized instruments during ear piercing
HEPATITIS ‘C’
It is infection of the liver by hepatitis ‘C’ virus. It is a chronic form of hepatitis which normally presents with no symptoms and patients are usually diagnosed during routine blood screening. The infection is often mild and most of the patients have fluctuating rises of serum transaminase (enzyme)
CAUSES:
Blood transfusions
Transfusion of unscreened blood
Organ transplants
Injectibles used by drug addicts
Patients on dialysis
Indulgents in high risk sexual practices
Acupuncture
Tattooing
Ear piercing
SYMPTOMS:
Usually no symptoms
Mild pain or discomfort in the right upper part of the abdomen
60% of patients develop chronic hepatitis in later stages
Risk of liver cirrhosis 10-15 years later and liver cell cancer after further 10 years
DO’S & DON’TS:
Avoid unsafe sex
Avoid tattooing
Avoid sharing of needles in addicts using injectible drugs
Ask the professional to use sterilized instruments during ear piercing
HEPATITIS ‘E’
It is an infection of the liver caused by Hepatitis ‘E’ virus. The disease is called Hepatitis ‘E’ or enterically transmitted non-A non-B hepatitis. Clinically it is difficult to differentiate from hepatitis ‘A’ as it has many similarities with ‘A’. The diagnosis is usually made when Hepatitis ‘A’ and ‘B’ are ruled out. The disease is usually mild and resolves in 2 weeks. The disease is most often seen in young to middle aged adults (15-40 years old). Pregnant women appear to be more susceptible to this disease.
CAUSES:
Spread by faeco-oral route.
Contamination of food and water
Eating roadside food
Inadequate sanitation
Poor personal hygiene
Traveling in endemic areas
SYMPTOMS:
Malaise
Loss of appetite
Abdominal pain
Body ache
Fever
Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhea
Loss of weight
Pain in right upper quadrant that increases with activity
Symptoms of jaundice
Dark urine
Light colored stools
Itching
DO’S & DON’TS:
Avoid eating roadside food
Observe good hygiene like washing hands before eating, washing fruits, vegetables etc thoroughly before eating
Do not eat uncovered food
Avoid drinking water outside. Drink boiled water, which is boiled for 10 minutes.
Avoid fatty food like meat and animal products, dairy products like milk, cheese, etc
Avoid fried and oily foodstuff.
Avoid intake of alcohol for 6 months
Take bed rest till the acute illness in under control
Take a diet rich in carbohydrates and proteins. Take about 60-80 gms of proteins daily in the form of skimmed milk, fish, curds etc. Take plenty of carbohydrates in the form of fruit juice, honey, sugar cane juice etc.
HERNIA (ABDOMINAL)
A hernia is a condition that develops due to a spot weakness in a muscle, through which an organ or tissue squeezes through.
The most common types are:
a) Inguinal hernia, which accounts for about 80% of all hernias.
In this case the intestine or bladder protrudes through the abdominal wall into the groin.
b) Incisional hernia. Here the intestine pushes through the abdominal wall at the site of previous surgery over the abdomen.
c) Femoral. This is more common in women esp., those who are pregnant & obese. It occurs when the bladder or intestines enter the canal carrying the femoral artery to the upper thigh.
d) Umbilical hernia. This is common in newborn & women who have had many children. Here small intestine passes through the abdomen wall near the navel.
CAUSES:
Muscle weakness & strain is the main cause. Poor nutrition , over exertion, smoking, obesity are factors which cause weakness of muscles.
Lifting heavy objects may also precipitate a hernia, esp. when such factors are present.
Constipation.
Pregnancy.
Persistent coughing can also cause hernia
SYMPTOMS:
An obvious swelling beneath the skin either in abdomen on the groin. Initially it disappears on lying down. Later the swelling increases on coughing but can be pushed back.
Finally even this is not possible.
Usually hernia is not a painful condition, but if there is pain then it suggests of an obstruction or infection.
DO’S & DONT’S:
If you experience any of the above symptoms, consult your doctor for diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Alternative therapies cannot cure hernia they can just relieve the discomfort.
Do gentle exercise regularly this will help to strengthen the muscles.
Lie on your back with knees bent & feet on the floor.,Keeping your shoulders on the floor lift your buttocks & back & then gently lower, repeat this 10 times every day. This is a good exercise to strengthen your abdominal muscles. Eat a good nutritious diet to avoid constipation & enhance muscle strength.
Avoid lifting heavy weights, if you do have to lift, bend from the knees & not from the waist.
During pregnancy gentle exercises are important to maintain the tone of the muscles. After delivery also it is advisable to continue mild exercises, but under medical guidance. In case of persistent cough consult your doctor.
Avoid smoking.
HERPES SIMPLEX
It is a commonest viral infection caused by herpes virus hominis (DNA virus), which occurs at any age but is common in young children (10 months -3 yrs). It affects the mouth, conjunctiva, skin or the female genital tract. During the illness the virus is present in the skin lesions, saliva and the faeces. The infection is short lived and heals completely but the virus may persist for many years in the cells of the skin around the mouth and in the trigeminal ganglion. There may be reactivation of the latent virus due to some systemic upset or disease.
CAUSES:
Transmitted through air
Close contact with persons or children suffering from the infection
SYMPTOMS:
Fever
Body ache
Soreness of mouth
Salivation
Irritability and Crankiness in children
Vesicles (eruptions with fluid) around the mouth, in the palate, inside the lips etc
Vesicles around the vulva, vagina or cervix (female genitals)
In adults at times there are vesicles in the interior of the nose, pinna of the ear, eyebrows
Conjunctivitis with stickiness of the lids
Rarely symptoms of meningitis
DO’S & DON’TS:
Adequate rest till complete recovery
Keep the temperature under control in infants as it may lead to convulsions
Proper fluid intake
Regular mouthwash
As the immunity is low do not expose the patient to public places etc.
HERPES ZOSTER
It is a contagious condition affecting the skin and nerve roots. Caused by the herpes zoster virus it is can develop only in people who have suffered from chicken-pox earlier.
The virus lies dormant in the nerve root for years and can be
re-activated due to contact with someone who has chicken-pox or
can arise from severe stress.
SYMPTOMS:
Severe pain along the course of the nerve usually on the chest and back.
This is followed by redness and small eruptions which turn into vesicles or blisters.
The rash goes away in 2-3 weeks but a sharp shooting current like pain along the nerve may persist for months even after the eruptions disappear.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Consult a physician as soon as the first signs are visible. Do not break the blisters and Do not self medicate. Cut out medicines not absolutely essential.
Do not mix the laundry of the infected person with that of others.
Soak the clothes of infected persons in warm water separately.
Take 2-3 cool baths everyday.
Do not apply talcum powder on raw skin. Wear loose non-irritating clothing, so that the blisters are not rubbed or irritated.
Contact a doctor if shingles affects the forehead near the eyes,
as sight can be damaged if treatment is delayed
HICCOUGHS
They are repeated sharp inhalations caused by an involuntary spasm of the diaphragm, usually lasting for a short time.
CAUSES:
Exact cause is not known but basically caused by irritation of
diaphragm
Over eating.
Excess of drinks.
Secondary complication of some diseases Kidney Failure.
Diabetes.
Gout.
Meningitis.
Encephalitis.
Liver Abscess & Gastritis.
Enlarged Heart.
DO’S & DONT’S:
TO HELP STOP.
Put a teaspoonful of sugar under the tongue and let it dissolve slowly.
Take a glass of water with sugar.
Hold your breath and swallow at the same time, do this 2- 3 times.
Tickle the roof of the mouth with a cotton swab at the point where the hard and soft palate meet.
Place a brown paper bag over your mouth tight so no air gets into it and breathe forcefully and rapidly into it at least 10 times.
Surprise the sufferer with a sudden slap on the back or by dropping something cold down the back.
CALL YOUR DOCTOR IF:
They persist for more than 1 day.
HIRSCHSPRUNG’S DISEASE
It is also called Aganglionic megacolon. This disorder is present from birth and becomes manifest in early infancy, occurring more frequently in males.
CAUSES:
- Familial
– Can be a severe complication of chronic ulcerative colitis [acquired type; acute toxic megacolon]
SYMPTOMS:
- Massive abdominal distention.
– Absent bowel movements- inability to pass stools-severe constipation or obstipation.
– Poor nutrition [due to chronic obstruction of the colon]
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
- As surgery is necessary.
HIRSUTISM
It is a clinical condition where there is excessive hairiness especially in women. It is due to disturbance of the hormone system but usually the cause is unknown. Hirsutism related to PCOS (polycystic ovarian disease) usually begins around the time of the menarche and increases slowly and steadily in the teens and twenties.
CAUSES:
Hormone system disturbance
Increased amount of testosterone (male hormone)
Polycystic ovaries (cyst in ovaries)
Tumors of pituitary or adrenal gland
Side effects of corticosteroids
Drugs
Genetic
Rarely Cushing’s syndrome (excess amount of corticosteroid hormones due to over stimulation of the adrenal glands)
SYMPTOMS:
Excess hair growth
Male pattern hair growth in a female- moustache and beard areas (chin), or hair occurring more thickly than usual on the limbs
Growth of coarse hair on the face, chest, upper back, or abdomen
DO’S & DON’TS:
Bleaching makes the excess of hair less obvious
Do not remove the hair by physical methods such as plucking, shaving etc. as it may lead to folliculitis (inflammation and infection of the hair follicles)
HIVES OR URTICARIA
This is a common allergic reaction in which itchy red rash or welts appear on skin.
They subside without any scar formation but may recur. This can appear anywhere in the body and vary in size from small, pimple like spots to raised patches. Sometimes they disappear immediately but sometimes last for days or even weeks.
CAUSE:
Allergy is the main cause.
Allergy can be to certain food e.g. strawberry, fish, etc., certain drugs & medicines, certain environmental pollutants like pollen, smoke, house dust.
Emotional stress.
Insect bite and stings.
Physical agents like heat, cold, sunlight etc..
Infections due to bacteria, viruses & fungus.
Certain diseases like lupus.
SIGN & SYMPTOMS:
Raised red usually itchy welts of varying sizes
Swelling under the skin that burns, often around eyes rarely on hands and feet and rarely in throat and genitals. Rapid onset.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Avoid food which you think causes these problems.
Allergy tests can be done but they are usually inconclusive . Commonly the food which people are allergic to are fish, milk, products, eggs, nuts, chocolate, strawberries, tomatoes. Cold compresses help in relieving the symptoms.
Avoid crowded places.
Avoid smoke, house paint, house dust, agarbattis, mosquito repellents Relieve stress by daily meditation and yoga. Treat infection with regular medication from a doctor.
Avoid exposure to severe heat and cold.
Avoid drugs which cause these problems for you. Vitamin E and Vitamin C are useful in treatment and prevention of hives.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR IMMEDIATELY:
Burning and itching develops in your throat. After an insect bite or sting if you develop dry throat,fever, cough and difficult breathing.
If you have recurring bouts of hives lasting for a longer time.
HOARSENESS
Hoarseness is rough and unpleasant voice due to affections of the vocal cords.
CAUSES:
Misuse or overuse of voice
Speaking loudly or continuously may injure the vocal cords.
Singing in an improper manner
Singer’s nodes (nodes on vocal cords)
Excessive coughing
External injuries of the larynx like strangulation, cut-throat etc
Internal injuries like inhalation of hot acid fumes etc
Acute And Chronic laryngitis due to a virus, bacteria, allergic etc
Laryngeal polyp
Paralysis of recurrent laryngeal nerve
Diphtheria
Multiple laryngeal papillomas in children
Acute laryngotracheobronchitis in children
Leucoplakia of vocal cords (precancerous condition caused by excessive smoking)
Cancer of larynx and laryngopharynx
Irradiation
Use of a laryngeal tube for certain procedures
Esophageal causes
Cervical causes
Rarely tuberculosis, leprosy, scleroma etc
SYMPTOMS:
Hoarse voice
Muffled voice or ‘hot potato speech’, because the patient speaks as if he has a hot potato in his mouth; which is seen in space occupying lesion in the laryngopharynx
DO’S & DON’TS:
Voice rest
Avoid misuse or overuse of voice
Speak in a relaxed manner
Whispering is traumatic to vocal cords and should be avoided
Steam inhalation soothes the vocal cords
HODGKIN’S DISEASE
The Hodgkin’s lymphoma is a cancerous lympho-proliferative disorder arising from lymph nodes and from lymphoid components of various organs. They are cancerous tumors of the immune system.
CAUSES:
- Viral infection-retrovirus, Epstein Barr virus, human T-cell leukemia / lymphoma virus [HTLV]
– Hereditary
– Collagen vascular disease.
– Long-standing Sjogren’s syndrome
– AIDS
– Patients who are chronically immuno-suppressed, particularly those who have received renal or heart transplants.
– Certain occupations
– Exposure to wood dust
– Exposure to benzene
– Use of nitrous oxide [as dental anesthesia]
– Reproductive factors-have a role in women. Parity is protective.
SYMPTOMS:
- Discrete, painless, rubbery enlargement of lymph nodes in the neck, axilla, groin, abdomen etc.
– Fever of unknown origin.
– Night sweats
– Weight loss
– Occasional itching.
– Ill health and malnutrition (cachexia)
– Bone pains
– Infections like herpes zoster, tuberculosis or fungal disease
– Itching
– Anemia
– Local or generalized brownish eruptions.
– Localized bone pain and tenderness
– Diplegia or paraplegia [paralysis involving both sides of the body and affecting the legs more severely than the arms]
– Labored breathing
– Difficulty in eating
– Jaundice
– Passing of blood in urine
– Mass in the flanks
CALL THE DOCTOR:
If there is lot of organ involvement by spread e.g. liver, spleen, bone marrow etc
HOOK WORM DISEASE
It is a disease caused by hookworms which are nematodes belonging to the family Ancylostoma duodenale. They live as parasites in the intestine of man.
CAUSES:
Transmission through faeces wherever they are allowed to remain in contact with damp soil.
The skin is penetrated by the larvae and is carried in the blood to the heart and pulmonary (lungs) blood vessels. It then breaks out of these vessels and crawls up the trachea and enters the intestinal tract. Finally it attaches itself to the mucous membrane of the small intestine and matures into an adult worm.
SYMPTOMS:
Redness of the skin locally, macules and papules
Bronchitis
Pneumonitis
Loss of appetite
Pain in upper part of abdomen
Diarrhea
Anemia
Loss of protein causing edema
Difficulty in breathing on exertion
Growth retardation
Difficulty in learning
Bleeding from intestinal tract
HOUSE MAID’S KNEE
It is the inflammation of the fluid-filled sac
[bursa] situated in front of the patella [pre-patellar bursitis]. It is commonly seen in house cleaners/maids due to constant friction to the part while they work.
CAUSES:
-Repeated pressure / friction
-Slight injuries
SYMPTOMS:
-Swelling in front of the knee joint
-Tenderness
-Pain, aggravated by pressure on the knee
-Unable to kneel without pain
DO’S AND DON’TS:
-Avoid putting pressure on the knee.
-Gentle exercises and physiotherapy helps to maintain the mobility of the joint.
HYDATID DISEASE
Hydatid disease is caused by dog tape worm- Ecchinococcus granularis. The disease is common in children. There are two types, Cystic and Alveolar. It usually affects liver and lungs and rarely brain and spine. It manifests itself as space occupying lesion (commonly cyst) in lung, liver or other infected organ
CAUSES:
Fondling of dogs
Close contact with sheep and cattle
Eating food contaminated with eggs
SYMPTOMS:
Hydatid cyst of lung
Usually no symptoms
Cough
Purulent expectoration
‘Grape skin’ like expectoration
Difficulty in breathing
Pain in the rib cage
Blood in sputum
Liver
Obstructive jaundice
Fever
Brain
Raised intracranial pressure
Headache
Giddiness
Seizures
DO’S & DON’TS:
Wash your hands before meals
Wash hands cleanly after handling of dogs etc
Do not eat uncovered or roadside food
Observe good hygiene
HYDROCELE
A hydrocele is a collection of serous fluid in some part of the processus vaginalis, usually in the tunica [of the testis or along the spermatic cord].
CAUSES:
- By excessive production of fluid within the sac e.g. secondary hydrocele
– By defective absorption of hydrocele fluid by the tunica vaginalis probably due to damage o the endothelial wall by low-grade infection
– By interference with the drainage of fluid by the lymphatic vessels of the cord
– By connection with the peritoneal cavity e.g. congenital hydrocele
– Injuries or blows to the part
– Acute and chronic inflammation of the epididymis and testis
– Syphilitic affections of the testis
– Cancer of the testis
– After operation for inguinal hernia
– If the neck of a hernial sac becomes plugged with omentum or occluded by adhesions
– Filarial infection
SYMPTOMS:
- Scrotal swelling
DO’S AND DON’TS:
- Use supporters in order to minimize the discomfort.
– Avoid jumping or jogging.
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
- If there a rupture [usually traumatic or at times spontaneous]
– If hydrocele is transformed into a haematocoele [which can occur both spontaneously or because of trauma]
– If the hydrocele is too large
HYDROCEPHALUS
Hydrocephalus is an accumulation of fluid in the head .It is usually caused by disturbance of the flow or absorption of CSF.
CAUSES:
Obstruction to CSF flow within the ventricles
Congenital (from birth)
-Aqueduct stenosis, forking or atresia
-Hind-brain abnormalities, spina bifida
-Vein of Galen aneurysm
Space-occupying lesion
-Acquired aqueduct stenosis
-Colloid and arachnoid cysts
-Thalamic glioma
-Intraventricular tumors
-Posterior fossa tumors
-Tentorial herniation
Ventricular hemorrhage
-Prematurity
-A-V malformation
Defects of flow in subarachnoid space
Infections
-Pyogenic
-Tubercular or fungal
Hemorrhage
-Subarachnoid hemorrhage
-Trauma
Meningitis carcinomatosis
Foreign matter
Defects of absorption of CSF at the arachnoid granulations
Congenital deficiency of arachnoid granulations
Birth trauma
Skull deformities
SYMPTOMS:
-Head enlargement at birth/ after 2-3 months of birth or even later
-Face remains small in proportion to the enlargement of head
-Divergent squint and paralysis of upward gaze-The person cannot raise his upper eyelid (setting- sun sign)
-Wasting (losing flesh)
-Weakness
-Blindness
-Separation of the sutures and widening and fullness of the anterior fontanelle
-Epileptic manifestations (fits)
-Spasticity (resistance to passive movement of a limb that is maximal at the beginning of movement and gives way as more pressure is applied)
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
As medical supervision is a must
HYDROTHORAX
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity is known as hydrothorax.
CAUSES:
-Congestive heart failure
- A decrease in the quantity of protein in the blood (hypoproteinaemia)
-Nephrotic syndrome (a condition, in which there is loss of protein in the urine, reduced albumin in the blood and generalized swelling of tissues)
-Constrictive pericarditis
-Obstruction of the vena azygos on the right side or the hemiazygos veins on the left side (due to cancerous glands)
-Meig’s syndrome (ovarian fibroma with ascites- accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity causing abdominal distention, and hydrothorax)
SYMPTOMS:
-Difficult breathing on rest or from mild to severe exertion
-Swelling on feet, ankles, lower limbs
-Generalized swelling over the body
-Distention of the abdomen
-Distention of the thorax
-Fatigue, weakness
-Other symptoms associated with the causative pathology
DO’S AND DON’TS:
- Change positions from time to time as erect position causes the feet, ankles and lower limbs to swell, and recumbent position causes a swelling in the sacral region (lower back).
- Physical and mental rest is very essential.
- Salt restricted diet is to be maintained.
- Fluid intake should be under medical guidance.
- Frequent, small, bland, low caloric feeds are preferred at the onset of the disease.
- Smoking should be avoided.
- Intake of excessive alcohol should be avoided.
- Maintain optimal body weight.
- Control of B.P should be maintained
- Sedation for adequate sleep
- Massage of arms and legs to maintain peripheral circulation
- Gentle passive or active exercises can be done during the recovery phase
CALL THE DOCTOR:
Hospitalization is necessary for monitoring ECG, for giving oxygen or for aspiration of fluid in case the discomfort is too much etc.
HYPERCHOLESTEROLAEMIA
It is an excess of cholesterol in the blood. It is an important risk factor for atherosclerosis.
CAUSES:
- Inherited-as an autosomal dominant trait called familial hypercholesterolemia
– Age-men and women below age 50
– Drugs-oral contraceptives, antihypertensive, glucocorticoids
– Diet rich in fatty food e.g.: cheese, butter, oil etc.
– Physical inactivity
– Emotional stress
– Alcohol intake
– Family history of hyperlipidemia or xanthomas indicates a genetic cause
– Disorders to which hypercholesterolemia are secondary-
: Hypothyroidism
: Uncontrolled diabetes [insulin deficiency]
: Uremia
: Nephrotic Syndrome
: Obstructive liver disease
: Dysproteinemia [multiple myeloma, lupus erythromatosus]
SYMPTOMS:
-Increased blood pressure
-Xanthomas- eruptive, palmer or plantar, tendon xanthomas
-Lipaemia (presence of abnormally large amount of fat in the blood) retinalis
-Acute inflammation of the pancreas
DO’S & DON’TS:
- Avoid diet rich in saturated fat and cholesterol e.g. meat, eggs, milk products, cheese, butter etc.
- Take low caloric diet, rich in fibers e.g. fresh vegetables, fruits and salads
-Weight reduction if overweight
- Exercise regularly.
- Practicing yoga and breathing exercises plays a very important role in lowering the cholesterol levels.
- Take regular walks in the mornings
- Increase your intake of water.
-Change your lifestyle to reduce stress-physical or mental.
- Avoid smoking and intake of tea or coffee.
HYPERMETROPIA
It is also known as ‘Hyperopia’ or ‘Far-sightedness’. It is a condition in which parallel light rays are brought to a focus behind the retina. Objects closer than six meters from the eye appear blurred and objects farther than six meters from the eye are not seen clearly at times but can be made sharp by an effort of accommodation.
CAUSES:
A newborn baby is hypermetropic. With growth as the eyeball grows in size the hypermetropia diminishes
Congenital defect of the eyeball
After operations for cataract etc
Eyestrain
SYMPTOMS:
Blurring of letters after some time during reading
Difficulty in doing close work
Headache
Eyestrain
No complaint usually regarding distant vision
DO’S & DON’TS:
Wear the corrective convex spherical lens glasses regularly or contact lenses
Do not read for long time without the corrective glasses
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
It is a clinical condition which results from over activity of the parathyroid gland. Usually there are four small parathyroid glands situated near the trachea. It is a disease of bones, stones, abdominal ‘groans’, psychic ‘moans’ with fatigue ‘overtones’.
CAUSES:
Adenoma (benign tumor) of any single gland
Hyperplasia of all the four glands
Rarely cancer
SYMPTOMS:
Bone disease
Aches and pains
Rheumatism
Lumbago
Pathological fracture
Urinary tract
Kidney stones
Increased frequency of urination
High blood pressure due to kidney damage
Hypercalcemia (high concentration of calcium in blood)
Weakness
Lassitude
Drowsiness
Loss of appetite
Lack of concentration
Depression
Anxiety
Nausea
Vomiting
Constipation
Dry mouth with increased thirst
Other features
Peptic ulcer
Pancreatitis
Loss of hearing
Hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy causes abortion, still birth, neonatal death
Skin necrosis
Calcification of cornea
DO’S & DON’TS:
Avoid food rich in calcium like milk and dairy products, banana, custard apple, orange, green leafy vegetables, almonds, shell fish, etc.
HYPERSOMNIA
Hypersomnia is characterized by attacks of drowsiness or sleep.
CAUSES:
Idiopathic narcolepsy
Encephalitis
Brain injuries
Increased intracranial pressure
Multiple sclerosis
Hysteria
Over dosage of sedative drugs
Klein-Levin syndrome- periodic attacks of hypersomnia and excessive hunger
Hypothyroidism
Hypopituitarism
Anemia
Debilitating illness
Anxiety neurosis
DO’S & DON’TS:
If you are taking any drugs and experience drowsiness bring it to the notice of your physician
Avoid driving till the problem is corrected as it may cause an accident
Take a proper nutritious diet when you are recovering from a prolonged illness
Try relaxation techniques like meditation and yoga if you are suffering from anxiety
HYPERTENSION
Blood pressure which remains consistently high and not just once twice is termed hypertension. It is a major cause of stroke and heart attack.
In most cases the cause for high blood pressure is not known but familial heredity factors, stress, kidney pathology and hormonal imbalance are some causes. More than 80% of hypertension is "Essential hypertension" for which no cause can be found.
Normal blood pressure is measured in two parameters. One is systolic (upper) and second is diastolic (lower). Systolic tells about the condition of the heart while the diastolic tells about the force that the heart has to work against. 120/80 mm of mercury, is the normal reading. But a lot of doctors consider 140/90 mm of mercury as within normal range in young adults.
SYMPTOMS:
Majority cases of hypertension are detected accidentally as many are asymptomatic.
Headaches especially when in sun or on exertion.
Chest pain or tightness.
Palpitations.
Tingling and numbness, muscle cramps.
Nosebleeds.
Profuse perspiration are rare symptoms
DO’S & DONT’S:
Do not worry or fret even if you are diagnosed as hypertensive as this will increase your blood Pressure. Stop salt altogether for a few days if blood pressure is very high. Later on switch to a healthful diet with less of salt and fat. Take plenty of fresh fruit, vegetables and whole grains rich in calcium, magnesium and potassium.
Learn to recognize and tackle stress. At work, don’t accept unrealistic demands, always delegate work and set realistic goals. Learn time management and take regular exercise as activity reduces tension. Meditation & yoga will help you to achieve that. Make sure you get proper sleep. Regular meditation is useful. Begin by sitting in a comfortable position. with your back straight and your eyes closed. Choose a word such as "Aum" and repeat it silently to yourself. Quit smoking, alcohol and caffeine.
Reduce weight and walk every day briskly for atleast 30 minutes. Exercise regime to be started under proper guidance. Do not overexert.
Take medicines regularly and go for regular checkups.
HYPERTHYROIDISM
Hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis (over activity of the thyroid gland) is a clinical condition, which results from excess of circulating thyroid hormones T4 and /or T3. There are many manifestations of the disease but it mainly affects the cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric system.
CAUSES:
Diffuse Toxic Goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland)- Grave’s disease
Nodular goiter
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Iodine induced thyrotoxicosis
Cancer of thyroid (secondary)
Ovarian struma
Hydatidiform mole
Thyroid stimulating Hormone (TSH) pituitary tumor
SYMPTOMS:
Loss of weight in spite of eating well
Palpitations, awareness of fast heart rate
Tiredness
Dyspnoea (difficult breathing)
Trembling of hands and general tremors
Irritability
Mood swings
Restlessness
Hyperactivity
Insomnia (sleeplessness)
Intolerance to heat and preference for cold
Profuse sweating
Muscle weakness especially proximal which causes difficulty in climbing stairs or getting up from chair
Non- infective diarrhea
Amenorrhea or Oligomenorrhoea (absence or scanty menses)
Occasionally double vision, undue prominence of eyes, excessive lachrymation
Visible swelling in the middle of neck
Vitiligo (white discoloration of skin)
CONSULT DOCTOR:
In case of Thyroid Crisis which manifests as:
High temperature with flushing and sweating
Extreme tachycardia (fast pulse rate)
Restlessness and agitation
Frequent diarrhea with dehydration
HYPOCHONDRIASIS
It is a disorder characterized by an excessive anxiety about being afflicted with a disease and by preoccupation with one’s health. The person is preoccupied with the physical functioning of the body and with fancied ill health. It may at times amount to handicapping neurosis and dominate a person’s life. It is more common in the age group of 30-50 years.
CAUSES:
Family history of hypochondriasis
Aggressive and hostile impulses towards others are transferred into physical complaints. This is seen as a defense against guilt or expression of low self-esteem
Mental and emotional stress
Sudden shock or grief
SYMPTOMS:
Fear of suffering from a serious disease
Fear persists in spite of medical reassurance
Vague symptoms and sensations which at times exactly mimic a clinical condition
Physical or medical examination does not reveal any clinical condition for the symptoms
Depression
Aversion to do normal duties because of the preoccupation
DO’S & DON’TS:
Reassurance to the patient by the family
Emotional support
Do not neglect or ignore the patient
Do yoga and meditation
Read good, inspirational books on positive thinking etc.
Consult a counselor who can help you overcome the fear
Avoid visiting hospitals or people suffering from serious illnesses for the time, as it may reinforce the fear
HYPOGLYCAEMIA
It is a condition in which there are abnormally low blood glucose levels.
The brain cannot store glucose, which is the main source of energy and so derives it from the circulation or blood. Less amount of sugar in the blood will starve the brain of the energy it needs, which can lead to major complications. Therefore should be treated immediately.
CAUSES:
In Diabetics:
Hypoglycemia is more often seen in diabetics, on some form of treatment. The reasons are:
Too much of insulin, usually as a overdose.
Skipping of food and staying hungry for long.
Unbalanced and over strenuous exercises.
Alcohol.
Continued vomiting or diarrhoea.
Physical infections, operations, etc.
Mental stress can be a precipitating factor.
In Non Diabetic people,
Alcohol.
Certain drugs.
Certain liver diseases.
Excessive exercise.
Fever.
Pregnancy.
Certain disease of Pancreas.
Starvation.
Prolonged vomiting ,
SYMPTOMS:
Dizziness.
Weakness.
Pale, cold & clammy skin.
Sweating.
Hunger
Nausea.
Nervousness.
Trembling.
Visual disturbances.
Irritability.
Increased pulse & rapid heart beat.
Headache.
Later on it may lead to unconsciousness or convulsions.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Whether a diabetic or not, immediate treatment can be of much more help to avoid any serious attack. If you experience any of the above symptoms and you are conscious then you should eat or drink any substance that contains sugar such as soft drink, candy sugar or a glucose biscuit.
Note that in milk or cheese, sugar is combined with protein and so this may not help to change the blood sugar level rapidly. Always eat small but frequent meals consisting of whole foods such as whole grains, dairy product & fruit juices.
Avoid excessive alcohol, tobacco & coffee
Avoid excessive exercise. Exercise only under supervision if you are diabetic.
Avoid starvation and going on fasts if you are on insulin.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
If you are a diabetic and experience these symptoms. He will adjust your medicine doses accordingly.
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
It is a clinical condition which results from deficiency of parathyroid hormone. It can occur either from inadequate secretion or inadequate effect of P.T. H on target organs.
CAUSES:
Primary hypoparathyroidism (defect in hormone secretion – unknown cause)
Surgical damage to the gland or its blood supply during neck surgery
Radio I 131 treatment in hyperthyroidism
Hereditary
Defect in tissue response to parathyroid hormone
SYMPTOMS:
Hypocalcemia (low concentration of calcium in blood)
Hyperphosphatemia (high concentration of phosphorous in blood)
Tetany – spasm and twitching of muscles of face, hand and feet
Paresthesia – abnormal tingling sensation as from pins and needles in extremities
Lethargy
Irritability
Rarely convulsions
Formation of cataract
Dry rough skin
Malformation of nails
Loss of enamel of tooth
Calcification of soft tissues
Basal ganglion calcification
DO’S & DON’TS:
Consume food rich in calcium like milk and dairy products, banana, custard apple, orange, green leafy vegetables, almonds, shell fish, etc.
HYPOTHYROIDISM
Hypothyroidism is a clinical condition, which results from deficiency of thyroid hormones. The onset of the disease is gradual and symptoms affect more than one system. Hypothyroidism with deposition of mucinous substance in subcutaneous tissues is known as ‘myxoedema’
CAUSES:
Primary thyroid gland involvement
Lack of pituitary TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
Hypothalamic deficiency of TRH
Autoimmune thyroiditis
SYMPTOMS:
Slowing down of mental and physical functions of the body
Easy fatigability and tiredness
Sleepiness
Body ache
Puffiness of face
Edema feet
Weight gain
Increased sensitivity to cold
Dryness of skin
Brittle nails
Constipation
Hair fall
Hoarseness of voice
Hearing loss
Tendency for repeated infections
Muscle cramps
Shortness of breath
Anemia
Mood swings
Forgetfulness
Slow speech
Infertility
Menorrhagia (profuse menses)
Occasionally rise in blood pressure
CONSULT DOCTOR:
Myxoedema may present with emergencies like cardiac failure or coma. Immediate medical attention is necessary.
HYSTERIA
It is a reaction of a susceptible person under stress either to avoid facing a difficult situation or to divert attention from what they perceive as their inadequacy.
Contrary to common belief, the symptoms are genuinely felt and
not faked. The sub-conscious mind converts the anxiety into
physical symptoms. These may take many forms
SYMPTOMS:
Usually the symptom are exaggerated when surrounded by people.
Uncontrolled screaming or aphonia.
Loss of memory or vision or hearing.
Paralysis of limb
Fainting.
Palpitations, laboured breathing, vomiting.
Coldness of extremities.
Rolling up of eyeballs.
Assuming an odd position.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Hysteria is serious and has a deep seated pathology. Consult a psychotherapist.
Do not slap or try any punishment on a hysterical person as the shock can cause psychological damage. See that the person does not hurt herself.
When faced with a fit of hysterics, be calm, firm and re-assuring and take practical steps to deal with whatever caused the problem. Keep onlookers away.
No treatment will be effective unless the root of the problem is found and recognized by the patient.
Regular diet and exercises keep the mind and body healthy and capable of facing stressful situations. Yoga, meditation and relaxation techniques help long term.
Do not neglect the condition nor approach quacks for treatment.
Do not self medicate.
Contact a doctor to rule out any other medical condition.
» I
ICHTHY0SIS
It is a disease of the skin; here the skin resembles “fish scales”.
CAUSATION:
The ailment is caused due to defect of keratinization of the skin. The keratin layer is not shed and so it becomes thicker and drier. The sebaceous and sweat gland may be sparse or even absent.
Leprosy, Hodgkin’s disease, other malignancies and extreme degree of nutritional deficiencies commonly produce acquired ichthyosis.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Usually affects between ages of 1 and 4 years.
– Xeroderma the skin becomes dry and scaly and it is worse in winter.
– The skin is dry, rough, with grayish brown scales.
– Usually affects the extensors or the outer aspects of the extremities.
– Trunk the back is more severely affected.
– In children forehead and cheeks are involved.
– Cracks of heels and palms can be painful.
DOS & DONTS:
- Patients can use moisturizer to adequately hydrate the skin surface.
TREATMENT:
Consult your physician.
IMPETIGO
It is an acute superficial infection is the skin.
CAUSATIONS:
It is caused by staphylococcus aureus & rarely by group A hemolytic streptococci. It usually affects face but can be anywhere else also.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Golden yellow crusts formed from exuding serum.
. Blisters with ruptured edges & crust formation.
. Group of eruptions together.
. Bullous lesions may extent in case of infants called BULLOUS IMPETIGO.
. IMPETIGO CONTAGIOSA is the most superficial pus infection secondary to scabies, insect bite, herpes and eczymas.
. Pain & itching
. Fever can be associated with secondary infections.
DO & DON’TS:
. Treatment of the cause from your physician.
. Local hygiene of the lesion by washing & cleaning the part with antiseptic solutions.
. Avoid physical & mental exertion. Good diet with less carbohydrates & extra proteins should be taken.
. Plenty of fresh air & change of climate will help in long run.
. sometimes surgical intervention is required.
INDIGESTION
CAUSES:
Overeating.
Eating too quickly.
Excess of alcohol.
Irregular food habits.
Eating foods that do not agree with you. Most commonly they are Coffee, onions, garlic, fats, oils & citrus fruits. Eating indigestible things e.g. chalk.
Insufficient sleep.
Obesity.
Smoking.
Mental Stress or Anxiety.
Liver and Pancreatic diseases.
Drugs like aspirin.
SYMPTOMS:
Heartburn -burning pain in chest and upper abdomen occurs after eating and lasts for few minutes to several hours. Chest pain on bending or lying down.
Burning in throat – hot, sour or salty tasting fluid at back of throat.
Belching and gas formation.
Mild nausea and vomiting.
Abdominal bloating.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Eat a balanced, well proportioned diet.
Take plenty of fresh fruit and salad.
Chew your meals well.
Maintain your weight as per requirements.
Avoid overeating.
Exercise regularly.
Relax mentally and physically.
Avoid Alcohol & smoking.
Avoid fatty rich food & spicy food.
Avoid chewing gum as this causes aerophagy and hence abdominal bloating.
Relax after eating but do not lie down immediately.
Avoid exercising after eating.
Avoid lying down after eating or lie down with your head high or on the left side.
Avoid self medication.
Do not take antacids without consulting your doctor.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR IF:
Abdomen pain continues persists.
If there is prolonged vomiting.
Vomiting of blood.
Bloody or black stools.
Pain radiating to neck and shoulders.
Shortness of breath.
Repeated bouts of indigestion.
Symptoms are worse by exercise better by rest.
Unexplained weight loss.
INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
This is a benign acute infective viral disease. It is a herpes virus. This infection chiefly occurs in adolescents & young adults of either sex sporadically or in epidemics. It is mildly infectious & is often spread by direct oral contact—The Kissing Disease. The incubation period is about a week or 10 days.
CAUSATION:
Causative organism is Epstein Barr virus. This virus also causes Burkitt”s lymphoma & nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Tiredness
. Malaise
. Headache
. Anorexia
. Fever
. Enlargement of superficial lymph nodes especially the posterior cervical.
. Petechial haemorrage at the junction of hard & soft palate.
. Sore throat
. A tiny (maculopapular) rash appears on the body.
. Epigastric tenderness & pain in rt iliac fossa
DO’S & DON’TS:
. Rest is must in acute phase.
. Symptomatic treatment is necessary since some individuals can develop complications like anaemia.
So consult your physician.
. Warm water gargling helps palate & throat.
INFLUENZA (FLU)
It is viral infection of sudden origin caused by influenza virus. If affects the nose, eyes, and the respiratory tract and pharynx (posterior part of mouth). Many people mistake common cold as flu. But instead this is more severe than common cold.
CAUSES:
Virus is transmitted by:
Person to person contact (i.e. cough/sneeze).
Use of contaminated drinking glass.
RISK FACTORS:
Over crowded places.
Prisoners, Students, patients in nursing homes.
SYMPTOMS:
Usually it is a very sudden onset.
Sensation of feeling cold followed by
High fever and sweating.
Headache.
Muscle pains.
Weakness.
Loss of appetite.
Running nose
Watery eye & sneezing.
Dry hacking cough.
Sore throat.
Nose block.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Avoid contact with infected people.
Avoid sharing personal things like towels, beverages with them.
Steam inhalation will help to relieve nose block.
Warm salt water gargles will soothen the throat.
Avoid smoking.
Wash hands strictly before meals after using bathrooms and before cooking.
Increase the fluid intake at least 3-4 times per day Take proper rest.
Use heating pad for muscle aches and joint pains. Diet rich in Vitamin C, fresh fruits, zinc and vegetables help in flu to maintain good health.
During infection – eat a light balanced diet, toast, banana, rice, cooked cereals, potatoes.
Avoid alcohol -it lowers your immunity. Get your self vaccinated against flu. Even then you may get flu but the symptoms are less severe.
Avoid sleeping in the same room with someone who has flu.
Try to avoid crowds.
Ginger, Garlic are helpful in the fever stage-for warmth Flu suffers should not struggle to work. They only spread the disease by cough and sneezes and increase the risk of complications.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
If your fever last for more than 4-5 days and you feel breathless at rest.
INGROWN TOENAIL
These usually affect the big toe.
CAUSES:
Ill-fitting or tight shoes.
Injury to the toe like stubbing the toe.
Cutting toe nails too short.
Rounding the nails edges.
SYMPTOMS:
Pain, swelling , redness.
Sharp end of nail pressing into the flesh on one or both sides.
If infected – then there is severe pain and pus formation.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Cut nails straight across. Leave enough nail to cover the toe to protect it.
Wear shoes and socks that fit properly. Avoid ill fitting and tight shoes. Women should avoid tight pointed high heeled shoes and tight stockings.
In elders, nails get thicker and harder so feet should be soaked before cutting the nail, so as to soften it. Parents should cut young children’s nails.
Lemon is a natural softening agent for hard nails.
Smooth sharp edges with a nail file.
Do not use scissors to cut nails.
Never try to correct the ingrown nail by cutting into the top edge of nail.
If a nail is ingrown, soften the area with water or lotion, lift the nail away from the skin and trim the ingrown portion.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR IF:
The nail becomes infected- severe pain, redness and later pus is formed.
Nail is very hard.
Pain does not go after attending to the nail.
If you are a diabetic as you are at risk for complications from
foot infection
INSECT BITES
Most bites and stings cause minor discomfort which resolves in some time. However there are certain people who are very sensitive to the poison injected and can easily go into shock and other complications.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Common insect are usually of bees, wasps, hornets, etc. If the sting is still in the skin, pull it out with a pair of tweezers as close to the skin as possible. Avoid squeezing the sac at the top of the sting as it will force more poison into the body.
Apply cold compress to reduce the pain and swelling. The cold compress may consist of a ice pack with a little bit of salt added to it.
If the person is stung in the throat, the throat will swell up very quickly and may block the airway. Give the victim cold water or an ice cube to suck at.
Give rest to the affected part.
Consult a doctor for treatment.
INSOMNIA
It is an inability to fall asleep or to remain asleep for an adequate length of time.
CAUSATION:
- Advancing age, especially people between 65 and 79 years of age.
– Psycho physiologic insomnia here the sleep disturbance is triggered by stress, emotionally stressful events, e.g. before or after significant life event, such as change of occupation, loss of loved one, anxiety etc.
– Extrinsic insomnia is caused by change in the sleeping environment. E.g. unfamiliar hotel or hospital bed, bedroom environment is not conducive to sleep like noise or light in bedroom (e.g. TV).
– Large meals before sleep.
– Bed partner who snores or has periodic excessive limb movement during sleep.
– High altitude causes hypoxia resulting in frequent awaking from sleep.
– Drugs like excessive intake of coffee, alcohol.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Increased sleep latency.
– Frequent awakenings from sleep.
– Early morning awakening may occur.
– Fall asleep more easily at unscheduled time.
– Reduction in total sleep time.
– Upper respiratory tract affections causing blocked nose and breathing disturbances.
DO’S & DONT’S:
- Avoid sleeping tablets or sedatives during stressful periods as they can become addictive.
– Yoga.
– Mediation can help to calm the nerves and aid sleep.
– Reduce intake of coffee, alcohol etc. few hours before sleep.
– Make bedroom environment conducive to sleep, like darken the room, no loud music.
– Do not keep watching TV till late in the night.
– Sometimes a glass of warm milk before sleep helps to fall asleep faster.
TREATMENT:
- Relaxation training.
– Treat the primary cause.
– Consult your physician.
INTUSSSUCEPTION
One portion of the gut becomes invaginated into another immediately adjacent; almost always it is the proximal into the distal.
CAUSATION:
INFANTS:
- Idiopathic occurs most often between the sixth and ninth months.
– Change in diet. The infant is weaned; this may some times causes inflammation of the intestines thus predisposing them to the same.
ADOLESCENE:
– Nearly always caused by inverted Meckel’s diverticulum.
ADULTS
– Causes can be polypus, a pappilliferous carcinoma, a submucous lipoma, or an inverted Meckel’s diverticulum.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Onset is sudden.
– The patient has paroxysm of abdominal pain, draws up his legs, and screams from pain.
– May vomit sometimes usually after the attack has lasted for 24 hours.
– Attacks may be associated with pallor of the face. In between the attacks the patient lies listless and drawn.
– In early stages a normal stool is passed later blood and mucus is evacuated.
– A lump is felt which hardens on palpation.
– Complications are intestinal obstruction and gangrene of the affected intestinal loop which can be fatal.
DO’S & DONT’S:
- Attend to persistent paroxysmal abdominal pain and many a times vomiting after a few hours of feeding with abdominal pain.
TREATMENT:
- Consult your doctor an early diagnosis lowers mortality in severe cases.
IRITIS
It is an inflammation of the iris which is a part of the eye that regulates the amount of light that enters the eye.
CAUSATIONS:
. Penetrating injuries
. Local causes. Trauma
. Corneal ulcer
. Scleritis
. Herpetic infection
. Malignant tumors inside the eye ball
. Cellulitis
. Allergy- can be bacterial, tubercular, syphilitic.
. Protozoal infection like toxoplasmosis.
. Viral infections
. Gonorrhoea
. Systemic causes like rheumatism, gout, diabetes, sarcoidosis, ankylosing spondylosis, septicaemic condition.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Neuralgic pain in the eye radiating along the other branches of the 5th cranial nerve. This pain is < at night.
. Blurring of the vision.
. Lacrymation (watering of the eye)
. Photophobia
. Iris becomes muddy.
. Small irregular sluggish pupils
. Congestion in the eyes.
DO’S & DON’TS:
. Underlying systemic causes should be treated.
. For inflammation & pain & blurring contact your physician.
. Rest to the eye is the most important factor.
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME
A bowel disorder, more common in the age group of 20-45 years.
CAUSE:
Psychological factors e.g. stress anxiety play a major role.
Specific food intolerance, like lactose or wheat.
Abuse of laxatives.
Post gastroenteritis.
SYMPTOMS:
IBS restricts the contraction and relaxation of the rings of muscle in wall of the gut. When the sequence of muscle action is weak, the following symptoms are seen:-Abdominal pains which spasmodic with explosive watery, diarrhoea.
Frequent urge to defecate, worse morning and after breakfast.
Incomplete defecation with mucus in stools BUT never blood.
Feeling of bloatedness.
Inability to finish a meal resulting in slight weight loss, Sometimes backache, urinary frequently and urgency in males.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Elimination diet-Since the problem is often associated with unbalanced diet or food intolerance, a whole food diet, which is balanced is recommended.
Eat regularly at fixed times.
Avoid laxatives and rely on dietary fibre for restoring regularity.
Avoid coffee, tea, alcohol and strong spices-all potential irritants.
Gentle abdominal massage may be helpful. Do not self medicate, especially with antidiarrhoels and antispasmodics.
Practice relaxation techniques like Yoga, breathing exercises.
ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE (IHD)
Atheromatous (thickening of the lumen of vessels from inside causing a narrow path for the blood flow) disease of the coronary arteries of the heart produce this condition. This is the most important single cause of death in the world today.
CAUSATIONS:
. Age—older age is at more risk of IHD
.Sex— Males are more prone to this disease but after menopause women are at equal risk.
. Smoking— smokers are at more risk than non-smokers.
. Arterial Hypertension- People of hypertension are at risk since there are degenerative effects of high pressure on the arterial walls.
. Diet— High in take of dietary fats put the person at great risk.
Person with high total cholesterol & low HDL cholesterol is at the risk of IHD.
. Overweight & obesity
. Diabetes mellitus
. Family history Of IHD
. Stress at work or otherwise are at more risk for IHD
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Slight breathlessness on exertion. (dyspnoea)
. Episodic or chronic fatigue due to reduced cardiac output.
. Angina- A pain in the chest region mainly on the left side may or may not be radiating to the left are till the fingers.
Sometimes the pain can radiate to shoulder or back.
. This angina can be associated with fainting.
. Episodes of sweating
. Palpitations
. Atrial fibrillation.
DO’S & DON’TS:
. Diet & regular exercise are the preventive measures for IHD so diet with low fats & sweets with regular walking reduces the risk of IHD.
. Person should be refrained from smoking
. Stress management also is very important.
Proper medication for stress with yoga helps so contact your physician.
. Diabetes is also controlled by diet & exercise.
. For obesity regular vigorous exercise is must with fat free diet.
. For the angina & other symptoms contact the physician with proper investigations.
ITCHING, SKIN
CAUSES:
Irritation or allergy to cloth, chemical, perfume, talc, soap, detergent, plants, pets, etc.
Food like fish, brinjals (aubergines), etc.
Skin infections like: (These are with visible lesions)
Eczema
Psoriasis
Fungal infection
Lice.
Dandruff.
Parasitic infection.
Chicken Pox.
Measles.
Scabies.
Herpes.
WITHOUT VISIBLE LESIONS :
Drug induced
Anxiety
Liver diseases
Diabetes
Cancer
Thyroid Problem
Pregnancy.
Dryness of skin.
Senile pruritus.
DO’S & DONT’S:
In case of swelling ice compression will reduce itching temporarily.
Warm bath may also give relief.
Maintain personal hygiene.
Avoid sharing clothes & personal belongings.
Avoid stress and Anxiety.
Avoid self medication.
If diabetic take regular treatment.
For dry skin use non-medicated oils or creams. Avoid scratching to prevent secondary infection. Trim nails and keep them clean.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR IF:
Itching lasts for more than 4-5 days.
If there are large eruptions or if they bleed or if a fluid discharge is present.
» J
JAUNDICE
This is a yellow discolouration of the skin and white of the eyes. This is not a disease but a symptom of the underlying disease.
This yellow colour is due to the presence of a yellow pigment called bilirubin in the blood.
This bilirubin is produced when there is breakdown of red blood
cells
CAUSES:
Inflammation of liver by virus or bacteria Alcohol.
Gall stones.
Cirrhosis.
Certain drugs.
In newborns it may be a normal phenomenon or due to blood group
incompatibility
DO’S & DONT’S:
Avoid fatty food like meat and animal products, dairy products like milk, paneer, cheese etc.
Avoid intake of alcohol.
Two to three glasses of fresh vegetable juice especially carrot daily is helpful.
Sugarcane juice is helpful in jaundice.
Take a diet rich in carbohydrates
Consult your doctor immediately if you notice jaundice to find out the cause of this as early as possible.
» K
KELOID
CAUSES:
Local factors e.g. incision for surgery.
Colored races are more liable to get keloid formation. More in women, during pregnancy, adolescence Familial, if there is a history of keloids. Burns, Acne-scar, Insect bite, hair follicle infection. Tuberculosis plays a role in etiology. Tuberculosis patients often suffer from keloids.
SYMPTOMS:
Smooth, pink and raised scar like skin, painful & sensitive to
touch
Itching
The normal surrounding tissue is affected by spread with claw
like projections
DO’S & DONT’S:
Do not try to scratch, burn or cut the keloid by yourself. Keloid has a tendency to recur even after it has been excised surgically.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
If it causes disfigurement and for cosmetic reasons.
If the keloid itches, or is painful.
KERATITIS
It means inflammation of the cornea, which may or may not form an ulcer.
CAUSATION:
- Virus infection by herpes simplex, herpes zoster, measles, mumps .
- Following infection of the lid.
- Kerato-conlunctivtis sicca very common in elderly patients.
- Exposure to ultra-violet rays.
- Congenital or acquired syphilis.
- Tuberculosis, Leprosy.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Marked discomfort, lacrimation, photophobia and blepharospasm.
- Erosions of the cornea, which may be deep or superficial. They may also ulcerate after secondary infections.
- Ciliary congestion.
- Associated iritis.
- Corneal sensation may be markedly diminished.
DO’S & DONT’S:
- Avoid direct exposure to sunlight.
- Proper hygiene of the eye, and prevent trauma to the eyes.
- Treat predisposing factor with promptness. E.g. infections.
TREATMENT:
- Local medicated applications.
- Prompt visit to the ophthalmologists.
KIDNEY STONES
This is one of the commonest cause for pain in abdomen. It can also cause infection & obstruction to the follow of urine. Stones are first formed in the kidney and then they pass towards the bladder. Small stones may be passed with out giving rise to any problems. But large stones are ones which cause problem.
These stones can occur because of high levels of either calcium, phosphate, uric acid or cystine in our urine. Kidney stones are more common is middle age people than the elderly.
CAUSES:
Hereditary. It may run in the family.
Chronic urinary tract infection in one of the major cause for stone formation.
Decrease in fluid intake may cause formation of stones. Increase calcium intake i.e. more than the required amount (e.g. intake of too much of chocolates, strawberries). Prolonged bed ridden patients may have stone formation.
Increase in uric acid level, in the body. Hot weather leads to increase fluid out put thus less fluid in body and thus in formation of stones.
The different type of stones are :-
Calcium.
Phosphatic
Calcium + phosphate.
Uric acid.
Cystine stones.
SIGN & SYMPTOMS:
Pain is the most common symptom. Pain in the abdomen radiating down to the groin.
Painful urination.
Red urine.
Nausea & Vomiting.
Profuse sweating.
In case of an infection along with the above mentioned symptoms
there may be
Fever with Chills.
Frequent urge to pass urine.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Never let yourself become dehydrated. Drink 3-5 litres of water if you are suspected of having a stone. or if you are doing strenuous work, in a hot humid climate.
In case of an infection consult your doctor immediately and take regular treatment.
Diet.
Avoid milk & milk products because they are rich in calcium Also avoid chocolate, beans, beets.
Avoid strawberries, & rhubarb, plums because these cause calcium oxalate stones.
Avoid red meat which causes uric acid levels to increase.
Avoid Egg, meat, fish – Crystal stones.
Avoid Calcium containing pain killers.
Increase fiber i.e. bran.
Beer is good for flushing out the stone – but do not over indulge.
Barley water helps is removing stones.
Never self-medicate.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR IMMEDIATELY:
If you have continuous pain with the above mentioned symptom to have a proper diagnosis & treatment.
Remember kidney pain may often be confused with appendix pain, gall bladder pain, thus always seek medical help never self medicate.
KLEPTOMANIA
It is a disorder of impulse control. There is an irresistible desire to steal objects, which are not of immediate use or monetary value.
CAUSATION:
It can be a sign of personality disturbance.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Failure to resist an impulse. The act may or may not be premeditated.
– An increasing sense of tension prior to committing the act.
– An experience of either pleasure or gratification at the time of committing the act.
– There may not be regret or guilt immediately following the act.
– The act is an immediate conscious decision of the individual.
– The stolen items are usually given away, or returned surreptitiously or hidden.
– Almost invariably the person has enough money to pay for the objects stolen.
– The condition may arise in childhood and may run a chronic course.
– Anxiety and guilt may be present about being apprehended.
DO’S & DON’TS:
- Early detection.
– Accompany the person when ever possible while shopping.
TREATMENT:
- Behavioral therapy.
– Consult your doctor.
» L
LACHRYMATION
In other words it means watering of the eyes.
CAUSATION:
It may be due to obstruction to outflow of tears or excessive secretion of the tears.
Obstruction to outflow of tears:
- Stenosis of the punctum (congenital or acquired).
– Eversion of the lower puctum due to laxity of muscles as in elderly, facial paralysis.
– Obstruction of lower canaliculus by calculus or infection.
– Obstruction in sac, as due to tumor of the sac or following removal of the sac.
– Obstruction to naso-lacrimal duct, e.g. nasal polyp.
Excessive secretion of tears:
- Reflex causes- foreign body, corneal ulcer, keratitis, or exposure to cold winds, dust, smoke, or irritant gases and exposure to very bright light.
– Stimulation of the sensory nerves of the eye muscles, e.g. eyestrain.
– Nasal catarrh.
– Drugs.
– Diseases of the lacrimal gland.
– Central causes, e.g. emotional and physical effects.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Excessive watering of the eyes.
DO’S & DONT’S:
- Avoid eyestrain like exposure to bright light, constant watching of TV.
– Immediate removal of any foreign particle in the eyes. Do not rub the eyes.
– Treatment of any internal diseases.
TREATMENT:
- Eyes are delicate consult your Doctor immediately.
LARYNGITIS
It is inflammation of the vocal cords which are responsible for producing sound.
It could be caused by
Bacterial or viral infections.
Allergies
Exposure to toxins, overuse of chemicals Tumors (Rarely).
There are 2 types of laryngitis
Acute : which is infectious, short lived and painful. Chronic : which is long-lasting, recurrent and affects only adults. It can be caused by emotional stress and strain.
SYMPTOMS:
Hoarse voice or loss of voice
Pain while speaking
Irritation in throat.
Constant need to clear the throat
Occasionally there maybe accompanying fever.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Do not overuse the vocal cords give rest to your throat and voice.
Talk less & in low pitch.
Gargle with warm water.
Drink plenty of warm liquids.
Take steam inhalation.
Use warm compresses to your throat.
Do not eat anything that irritates the throat like pepper, colas, etc.
Take proper care when in contact with smoke, fumes, chemicals.
Wear a mask to cover nose & mouth.
Take vitamin C & citrus fruits.
Consult a physician if the course is prolonged or intensity increases.
LATHYRISM
This is a disease in which consumption of pulses (keshari dal) results in a paraplegia (paralysis of both the limbs).
CAUSATIONS:
Consumption of the pulse, which contain lathyrus sativus. It has a neurotoxin called beta oxalyl amino alanine. (BOAA)
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Acute onset with lameness in the extremities.
. Progressive spastic paraplegia.
DOS & DON’TS:
. Removal of the toxins by parboiling or soaking the pulse in hot water before consumption.
. Since the toxin is water-soluble drain away the water is necessary.
LEPROSY
Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by an organism named Mycobacterium leprae.
The spread is by coming in contact with the discharges from throat and nose of leprosy patient and also from the skin.
SYMPTOMS:
Only a few person exposed to the infection develop the disease. An anesthetic patch i.e. a light coloured patch with total or partial loss of sensation is an early sign Wounds which do not heal or ulcers on feet and do not heal fast Skin becomes thickened and wrinkled over the face. Tingling in limbs due to nerve affection.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Watch for any early signs of leprosy and immediately contact your physician for same.
Notify a case of leprosy.
Do not shun the leprosy patients but be careful while handling their beddings and cooking utensils Wash these separately.
No social stigma should be attached to leprosy.
Poor environmental surroundings, substandard housing and
sanitation increases the prevalence hence this must be dealt
with.
LEPTOSPIROSIS
It is an infective disease due to spirochaetes.
CAUSATIONS:
. Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae
. Leptospira canicola
These are the 2 spirochaetes that infect humans.
Rat & rodents are the natural hosts. Infected urine contains spirochaetes, which can penetrate the skin or mucosa of the humans.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Mild fever
. Headache
. Severe myalgia (muscular pain)
. Fever high grade
. Conjunctival suffusion
. Loss of appetite
. Vomiting
. Rashes on the body
. Petechiae
. Enlargement of spleen & liver.
. In severe cases myocarditis, meningitis, and renal tubular necrosis.
. Neck stiffness
. Positive Kernig’s sign
DO’S & DON’TS:
. Patients should be given lot of fluids to prevent dehydration.
. Since rats & rodents spread it, they should have rats & rodent control.
. Surroundings must be clean to prevent rat breeding.
. Symptomatic relief should be urgent to prevent complications.
LEUKAEMIAS
These are a group of malignant disorders of the white blood cells, increased number of abnormal white blood cells. Leukaemias are progressive & fatal conditions.
CAUSATIONS:
In majority of cases the cause is unknown. But there are few factors which predispose this condition.
. Exposure to ionizing radiation
. Cytotoxic drugs therapy.
. Exposure to benzene in chemical industries.
. Exposure to retrovirus.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
The presentation of the disease is according to the type of the leukaemias.
There are ACUTE & CHRONIC leukaemias.
Acute Leukaemia
. There is failure of maturation of the white cells.
Flu like symptoms with an abrupt onset.
Fever
Malaise
Rapidly advancing anaemia
Epistaxis
Bleeding gums
Purpura
Sore throat & ulcers in the mouth.
Loss of appetite.
Weight loss.
Hypertrophy of gums
Muscle & joint pains
Lymph node enlargement.
Chronic leukaemia
There is an extension of marrow through the long bones. It involves many organs.
Fatigue & lassitude
Slowly advancing anaemia
Loss of appetite
Weight loss
Pain in the left hypochondrium due to enlarged spleen.
Acute abdominal pain
Sternal tenderness
Pain in bones & joints
Epistaxis or haemorrhages from other orifices.
Sweating
Intolerance of heat
Persistent erection of the penis in few men
Enlarged liver
DO’S & DON’TS:
. Most of the chronic leukaemias develop into acute so constant monitoring is necessary.
. Sometimes surgical intervention for massive spleen enlargement is suggested.
. Symptomatic treatment with the physician.
. Anaemias are treated with blood transfusion if the condition is very critical.
. Exposure to radiation, carcinogenic substances should be prevented.
LICE
These are small wingless parasites who feed on human blood.
Commonly found in hair they are also found on skin and genitalia.
CAUSE:
Poor hygeine especially regarding skin and hair.
Overcrowding
Lice spreads by direct contact and contact with clothing or combs, brushes of infected people.
SYMPTOMS:
Itching of the scalp or wherever in the entire body depending on where the lice are present.
Itching leads to redness and formation of raw skin which is likely to get infected.
Constant itching leads to reduced work concentration and disturbed sleep.
Enlarged neck lymph nodes
DO’S & DONT’S:
Maintain proper hygienic conditions
Have a bath daily.
Wash hair twice a week using a mild shampoo.
Maintain hygeine of private parts. Shave pubic hair regularly.
Do not scratch and trim your long nails. Do not have exchange clothes, hair brushes and combs with other friends Change clothes daily. Wear only clean washed clothes. Stay away from people infested with lice.
Make sure you get rid of the nits or lice eggs along with lice.
LIVER- FATTY
It is condition where there is deposition of fat in the liver.
CAUSATION:
Triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol infiltrate the liver cells.
- Chronic alcoholism.
– Protein malnutrition.
– Diabetes mellitus.
– Obesity.
– Jejunoileal bypass.
– Various chronic illnesses.
– Cortico-steroid therapy.
– DDT poisoning.
– Pregnancy; usually third trimester.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
– Nausea.
– Vomiting.
– Abdominal pain.
– Clinical picture mostly depends on the underlying causative disease and its symptoms.
– Liver is enlarged and palpable.
– The liver is smooth, soft to firm in consistency and may be tender.
– Rarely sudden death due to massive fatty enlargement of liver can occur due to fat embolism or hypoglycemia.
– The functions of liver are mostly minimally deranged.
DO’S & DON’TS:
- Stop alcohol consumption.
– Eat less of fried and fatty food.
– Exercise.
TREATMENT:
Treat the underlying cause.
Consult your doctor.
LUPUS VULGARIS
It is the tuberculosis of the skin. It occurs between the age of 10 & 25 years. It mainly affects the face.
CAUSATION :
Tubercular bacteria cause this infection by direct inoculation on the skin.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Dark red patches on the nose or cheeks
. Ulceration of the mucous membrane of mouth & nose
. Ulceration on the face in later stages
. Oedema of the face
. Infection in the nasal cavity with purulent discharges
DO’S & DON’TS:
. Skin biopsy is done to find the cause.
. Skin care should be taken with antiseptic solutions to avoid secondary infections
. Consult your physician for the treatment of tuberculosis.
. Sometimes surgical removal of nodes is necessary to arrest the spread.
LYME DISEASE
It is a disease caused by spirochaetes. It affects all the systems gradually. It was first found in Connecticut in America. Now it is spread to Europe & Asia also.
CAUSATIONS:
It is caused by a tick borne spirocaete Borrelia burgdorferi. The ticks are usually carried by pets & deers. They are common in grassy lands & woods. Transmission takes place when the tick bites the humans.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Erythema migrans (Localised circular inflammation & redness of the skin)
. Enlarged local lymph nodes
. Persistent arthralgia (pain in the joints)
. Arthritis of small joints
. Flu like symptoms
. Feverishness
. Weakness
. Creeping sensation under the skin & head
.Confusion of mind
. Dullness
. Inability to concentrate
. Palpitations
. Severe acidity
. Nausea
. Neuralgia at various locations
. Severe excruciating pains which come & go suddenly
. Weakness in the joints
. Change in the behavior.
. Memory loss
. Coldness of the localized parts
. Constant itchiness on the skin
. In chronic cases meningitis
DO’S & DON’TS:
. Skin lesions are treated with medicines & taken care with antiseptics to prevent secondary infections.
. Pets in the house should be hygienically treated.
. Thick woody regions should be carefully explored by wearing full body cloths to prevent the tick bites.
. Consult your physician for the treatment.
» M
MALARIA
It is a parasitic disease characterized by fever, chills and anemia.
CAUSES:
It is caused by a parasite that is transmitted from one human to another by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito.
These parasites enter the bloodstream and infect the red blood cells (RBCs).
They then multiply in the RBCs and rupture them within 48-72 hrs infecting more RBCs.
First symptoms usually occur 10 days to 4 weeks after infection or as early as 8 days or as long as 1 year later. Then the symptoms occur in cycles of 48-72 hrs.
Falciparum malaria is one of the 4 types, which affects greater proportion of RBCs than others and is more serious.
As the parasites found in RBCs, malaria can also are transmitted through
1. Blood transfusion
2. Organ transplant
3. Contaminated needles or syringes.
4. From mother to the feotes before or during delivery. (Congenital malaria)
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Sequential chills, fever and sweating
• Headache
• Nausea and vomiting
• Muscle pains
• Anemia
• Stools, bloody
• Jaundice (Yellow colouration of skin and eyes)
DOS AND DON’TS:
• Avoid mosquito bites by wearing protective clothing over arms and legs.
• Using windscreens on windows.
• Using insect repellants
• Destroy places where mosquitoes breed.
• Treatment should start early before it becomes severe and poses a risk to life.
MALNUTRITION
It means that a person’s body is not getting enough nutrients.
CAUSES:
• Lack of a single vitamin in the diet or a combination of vitamins.
• Person is not getting enough food.
• Digestion and absorption is not proper.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
• Specific malnutrition related disorders depending on which nutrient is deficient.
• General symptoms of fatigue, drowsiness, weight loss, decreased immune response.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
1. Replace the missing nutrients.
2. Most deficiencies can be corrected, but if due to some medical condition, consult a doctor.
3. Seek treatment if u experience change in your ability to function
4. Eat good, well balanced diet to prevent most forms of malnutrition
MANIA (MANIC DEPRESSIVE ILLNESS)
It is a mental illness that causes extreme mood swings. It is characterized by periods of prolonged and profound depression that alternates with periods of excessive elevated mood, known as mania.
CAUSES:
Genetic.
Environmental e.g. death in the family or parents divorce or any other traumatic event
Sometimes changes of puberty could be a triggering factor.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Signs of Mania
• Racing speech and thoughts
• Decreased need for sleep
• Elevated mood
• Increased Physical and Mental activity
• Reckless behavior
• Inflated sensation of self-importance
Signs of Depression
• Loss of interest in usual activities
• Irritable and sad mood
• Loss of energy
• Feeling of guilt and worthlessness
• More sleep or inability to sleep
• Appetite loss or over eating
• Thoughts of death or suicide
Between these two phases, person usually returns to normal and can lead a normal and productive life.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
1. Taking medications as prescribed and reporting any changes in normal activities.
2. Consult a counselor, who will provide an appropriate plan and discussion.
3. Do regular exercises and have a proper work schedule.
4. Participating in a local support group, for people with similar complaints.
5. Reduce the stress.
6. Eat well and have a good sleep schedule.
7. Educating the family about the illness so that they can identify the warning signs early and take appropriate help.
MANIA A POTU (DELIRIUM TREMENS)
It is a disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or neurological changes caused by abrupt stopping of the use of alcohol.
CAUSES:
Can occur after a period of heavy alcohol drinking, especially when the person does not eat enough food
Can also be triggered by head injury, infection, and illness in people with history of heavy use of alcohol
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Nervous shaky feeling
Easily excitable
Rapid emotional changes
Confusions and disorientation
Hallucinations
High Sensitivity to light, sound and touch
Delirium
Sweating and Palpitations
Symptoms occur commonly with 72 hours after the last drink but may occur up to 7 to 10 days after last drink
DO’S AND DON’TS:
1. Obtain prompt medical treatment for alcohol withdrawal
2. Avoid or minimize use of alcohol
3. Look for alcohol detoxification as well as alcohol rehabilitation centers in your area
MARASMUS
It is serious protein energy malnutrition, mainly occurring in young children from developing countries.
CAUSES:
• Infections: most commonly gastro intestinal, respiratory, measles etc.
• Under nutrition
• Inappropriate weaning by a young mother.
• Breast-feeding, when amount of milk is markedly reduced.
• More frequent in infants who are artificially fed.
• Famines associated with climatic disasters.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
1. Shrunken wasted appearance
2. Failure to thrive with apathy and irritability.
3. Chronic diarrhoea in infants having feeding difficulties.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
• Encourage the child to eat as much as possible.
• Restart breast-feeding as soon as possible.
• Prepare appropriate nutritional food.
• Recognizing the signs, which mean that the child needs medical help.
MARFAN SYNDROME
It is an inheritable disorder of the connective tissue (which adds strength to the body’s structures) that affects the skeletal system, cardiovascular system, eyes and skin.
CAUSES:
Mostly inherited though in 30% there may be no family history.
SYMPTOMS:
1. Family history of Marfan syndrome
2. Long lanky frame.
3. Long thin limbs.
4. Arm span significantly greater than the body height.
5. Long spidery fingers
6. Scoliosis (a lateral curvature of the spine)
7. Visual defects (dislocation of lens, short sightedness)
8. Flat feet.
9. Learning disability/school problems.
10. Thin narrow face.
11. Small lower jaw.
12. Symptoms of cardiovascular abnormalities.
13. Pneumothorax (air in the pleural cavity)
DO’S AND DON’TS:
1.Visual defects should be corrected where possible.
2.Prevent development of scoliosis esp. during adolescence.
3.Competitive athletics and certain sports should be discouraged
4.Pregnancy in patients with this syndrome must be monitored closely due to increased stress on heart.
5.Genetic counseling for prospective parents with family history of Marfan syndrome.
MASOCHISM
Sexual masochism involves acts in which a person derives sexual excitement from being humiliated, beaten, bound or otherwise abused.
CAUSES:
The personal roots of deviance from normal sexual activity may spring from an interaction of the individual’s biological nature and his early life experiences.
Problems related to low self-esteem, intolerable anger patterns, poor ability to empathize, delayed gratification problems etc.
SYMPTOMS:
Disorder of this kind can take to acts of extreme and result in severe bodily or psychological harm and even death.
For eg. Masochistic sexual activity may involve asphyxiophilia whereby a person is partially choked or strangled by a noose around the neck. A temporary decrease in oxygen to the brain at the point of orgasm is sought as an enhancement to sexual release but accidents may result in death.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
Constructive discussion with family members though these complaints come into limelight only when someone becomes an unwilling partner or is injured.
Warning signs if any detected early should be coped with appropriate strategy
Seek medical guidance.
MASTITIS
It is the inflammation of the breast.
CAUSATION:
- Bacterial infection through damaged nipples.
– Haematoma of the breast caused after trauma, can get infected.
– Mastitis of lactation. One of the ducts gets blocked leading to it.
– Mumps can cause it but this is more common in females and is mostly unilateral.
– Puberty: most common in males around age 14 and it is mostly unilateral.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
The affected breast shows the following
- Pain.
– Tenderness.
– Redness.
– Swelling.
– Hardness.
– Sometimes pustular discharge from the breast.
DO’S & DONTS:
- Rest in bed.
– Support to the breast.
– Local heat application can help relieve the pain.
– Empty the infected breast milk with the help of breast pump.
– Hygiene of the breast during feeding the baby, cleaning the nipple before and after feeding.
– Cleaning the infants’ mouth before breast feeding, as they may be harboring harmful organisms (staphylococcus).
– Permitting examination of the inflamed breast to daily to judge the state of affection.
TREATMENT:
- Treat the primary cause.
– Sometimes surgical intervention is required to drain the abscess.
MASTODYNIA
It is any pain or discomfort in the breast.
CAUSES:
• Hormonal fluctuations related to menstruation and pregnancy.
• Puberty; both girls and boys.
• Breast-feeding
• Approach of menopause.
• Breast engorged with milk soon after childbirth.
• Mastitis (blocked and infected milk duct)
• Injury
SYMPTOMS:
• Pain or discomfort in the breast.
• Maybe tenderness and redness.
• Persistent unexplained breast pain
• Lump like feeling in the breast
DO’S AND DON’TS:
• Wear well fitted brassiere for support esp. if breasts are large.
• Perform monthly breast self-examination 3-5 days after your periods to detect any changes from previous month.
• Changes in diet may be required.
• In case of injury, cold compress with ice pack for 15-20 mins.
• Consult a doctor if signs of infection, or if breasts are still swollen or hard if u have given birth within last week or if u notice a new lump in breast that does not go away after periods.
MEASLES
One of the most commonest infectious disease in the world is measles.
CAUSE:
RNA paramyxoma virus.
Transmission is by
Direct or close contact
Droplet infection as by sneezing, coughing.
Mostly children between the age of 3-5 years are affected. It is rare during first 6 months of life.
SYMPTOMS:
Prodrome: Lasts for about 4-5 days and has fever upto 102 *F with dry, cough and cold, sore eyes with intolerance to light.
Followed by a fleeting brownish pink rash all over the body,
Around the 5th day red patches appear behind ear, along hair line and on posterior parts of cheeks and spread rapidly in a few hours all over the body. Face may become swollen and disfigured.
In another 24-48 hrs. temperature falls, rash disappears from face down-wards.
Recovery is usually complete within 10-14 days.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Bed rest in quiet shaded room during fever.
Drink extra fluids, fluids are more important than solids. Vitamin C supplements or citrus fruits may help combat viral infection.
Do not scratch violently or there may be secondary infection. Vaccination for your child is a must. Do not ignore the booster dose.
The period of infectivity is 4 days prior to and 5 days after appearance of rash so avoid contact during this phase. Finally, measles is not a curse of a goddess as believed in folklore, and requires the doctor instead of the temple.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR IF:
Fever with rash or having cough, coryza and conjunctivitis.
MEMORY WEAKNESS
It is the difficulty to remember things or events, which may be either recent or past.
CAUSES:
• Ageing process
• Depression
• Dementia (severe problem with memory and thinking such as Alzheimer’s)
• Traumatic brain injuries.
• Drug or alcohol abuse.
• Eating disorders like anorexia or bulimia.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
• Inability to remember important things for a long length time; more than days, weeks or months.
• In brain injury, length of memory loss depends on how severely the brain is damaged.
• Difficulty in remembering what happened weeks or days ago.
• Difficulty to concentrate, learn and remember new things.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
1. Keep lists to remember.
2. Make associations such as using landmarks to find places.
3. Keep a detailed calendar.
4. If unable to figure out if it’s a problem or not, consult a doctor.
5. Immediate medical help in case of traumatic injuries.
6. Quit use of drugs.
7. In case of eating disorder, talk to a health consultant.
MENIERE’S DISEASE
It is an abnormality of the inner ear causing host of symptoms including vertigo, or severe giddiness, tinnitus or roaring sound in ears, fluctuating hearing loss and sensation of pressure or pain in the affected ear.
CAUSES:
Change in fluid volume within a portion of the inner ear, which is necessary for hearing and balance.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
• May occur suddenly and arise daily or as infrequently as once a year.
• Vertigo; forcing the sufferer to lie down
• Severe nausea, vomiting, sweating come with little or no warning.
• Sometimes tinnitus (ear noises), a loss of hearing, fullness in affected ear.
• Occasionally symptoms of headaches.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
• Dietary changes eg. Low salt or salt free diet, no caffeine or alcohol.
• Eliminate tobacco use.
• Reduce stress levels.
• If persisting pressure and discomfort consult a doctor for further evaluation.
MENINGITIS
It is a condition where the membranes covering the brain are inflamed. It is caused by bacteria, viruses, tuberculosis, after head injury.
SYMPTOMS:
High grade fever of acute onset.
Vomiting.
Irritable mood & maybe confusion
Headache of bursting type.
Occasionally respiration is impaired
Seizures may be present
Neck movements become painful & stiff
Lethargy, listlessness & slow comprehension.
DO’S & DONT’S :
Immediately contact the physician if any fever, vomiting & headache is present.
Do not self medicate.
Take care of nutrition & water loss due to vomiting under guidance.
Do not neglect the symptoms as residual brain damage can lead to mental or physical handicap.
Take proper nursing care for head injuries.
MENOPAUSE
Menopause means the end of the cycle of menstruation. But the months and years before and after are also termed as menopause. This is a normal physiological process which every woman, between the ages of 45-55 days has to face. It marks the end off the reproductive phase of women life.
SYMPTOMS:
Irregular periods.
Hot flushes – Sudden reddening of face, neck. with sweating.
Sleep disturbances.
Increased nervousness, anxiety or irritability.
Painful intercourse.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Relax and avoid any taxing situations.
Yoga and meditation help to relax.
Regular exercise helps to reduce weight and keep the body fit. A nutritious diet with Calcium and Vitamin E and multivitamins maintains general good health.
Get a medical check up done periodically, esp. the pap-smear. Busy yourself in recreational and social activities and join social organizations.
Hormone replacement therapy is common nowadays but avoid any medication as long as possible. It is a normal process and will get over by itself.
MENORRHAGIA
It is a term to describe heavy and/or prolonged periods. The menstrual cycle remains unaltered but duration and quality of menstrual loss is increased.
CAUSES:
General diseases like,
Thrombocytopenia purpura
Psychological disorders
Emotional upsets
Local pelvic causes like,
Uterine polyps
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Retroversion of uterus
Endometrosis
Ovarian tumors
Early stage of (TB) Tuberculous endometritis
First menstrual period after abortion and child birth
Endocrine
Hyperthyroidism
Myxedema
Due to some medication like oestrogen therapy Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device Hormonal. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding where menorrhagia is not associated with any structural abnormalities in pelvis or any general/endocrine disorder.
SYMPTOMS:
Abdominal cramps or pain at other times of the cycle Weakness and debility due to excessive blood loss.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Have a good diet
Adequate resting hours
Avoid psychological stresses
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
For excessive bleeding
For abdominal pain
For prolonged bleeding
METRITIS
It is the inflammation and or irritation of the endometrium (lining of uterus) of the uterus.
CAUSES:
Infection following any surgical or gynaecological procedures that require insertion of medical instruments
May occur following childbirth, abortion or intrauterine device insertion.
Other risk factors may include sexually transmitted diseases (STD)
.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
• Malaise i.e. general discomfort, uneasiness, ill feeling.
• Low grade to high-grade fever.
• Lower abdominal or pelvic pain (Uterine pain).
• Abnormal vaginal bleeding.
• Abnormal vaginal discharge.
• Occasionally abdominal distention.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
Rest and Hydration are important.
The simultaneous treatment of sexual partner when appropriate and use of condoms throughout the course of treatment.
Apply safer sexual practices.
Adequate follow up after gynaecological procedures.
Early diagnosis and adequate treatment (For partners also) of STD.
METRORRHAGIA
It is the term used to describe bleeding between periods or bleeding unrelated to the menstrual period.
CAUSES:
Hormonal imbalance
Local causes related to cervix or uterus eg.polyps (growths), scar tissue in uterus (adhesions), endometriosis (Growth of uterine tissue outside uterus).
Miscarriage.
Pregnancy developing in the fallopian tubes (tubal pregnancy).
Use of intrauterine device (IUD) for birth control.
Chronic medical problems like thyroid illness, diabetes or blood clotting diseases.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Light to heavy bleeding between regular menstrual periods.
May have cramping abdominal pain with bleeding sp, if it’s due to miscarriage or tubal pregnancy.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
Occasionally light bleeding or spotting between periods may be normal for some women.
Consult a doctor if it occurs frequently or if bleeding is heavy and painful.
Follow up the treatment plan as prescribed by the doctor.
Removal of IUD may be required in some cases.
MIGRAINE
It is one of the most common ailment of the nervous system. It causes recurrent headaches usually one sided accompanied with gastric, visual or other neurological signs. The sufferer is completely normal between two episodes. They may or may not get certain warning signs before an attack.
CAUSES:
Stress for e.g. examination, important interview.
Specific food allergy e.g. chocolate, cheese, red wine.
During menses.
Missing meals.
Drugs- birth control pills.
Overexertion or fatigue after exercise, sexual activity.
Cold food.
Exposure to sun.
Loss of sleep or excessive sleep.
Excessive or flickering light.
Risk Factors
Family history.
More common in young females.
History of motion sickness.
SYMPTOMS:
Some warning signs before an attack can be.
Mood changes.
Visual problems such as seeing dazzling, zigzag lights.
Eyes-cannot tolerate light.
Ringing in ears.
Dizziness
Increased thirst.
Excessive drowsiness.
Feeling of excess of energy or elation.
Craving of sweets.
During the attack:
Headache usually one sided.
Nausea.
Vomiting.
Light headedness.
Headache increased by movements.
Giddiness.
Intolerance of light, noise.
Increased irritation.
Pale face.
Tenderness of scalp.
Decreased sensation around the mouth.
Mood changes.
Anxiety.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Avoid stress learn how to cope with it. Yoga, meditation, regular moderate exercises help to relieve stress. Avoid foods which you think cause these problems. Usually they may be chocolate, cheese, red wine.
Proper rest and sleep is a must for prevention.
Eat meals at regular time.
Do not over eat.
Avoid overexertion.
When going out in sun use an umbrella or dark glasses.
Avoid pain killers and try to sleep it off.
Regular exercises prevent attacks of migraine. As soon as a headache begins drink 3 glasses of very cold water and then with a cold pack go lie down in a dark quiet room without a pillow.
Complete bed rest with minimal light, noise and odours help a lot.
Avoid alcohol and smoking.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
If your headache is accompanied with severe vomiting, weakness, visual problems.
You get too frequent attacks of headache . If your headache is the first thing you get in the morning and it persists with vomiting as this may not be migraine but high blood pressure.
With vomiting high fever, light hurts your eyes it may be meningitis.
If you develop weakness of one side following a headache.
MILIARIA (PRICKLY HEAT)
It is a very itchy, red skin rash causing a prickling or burning sensation.
CAUSES:
• Sweat glands become blocked due to hot and humid weather.
• Rash is due to the blocking of sweat glands by dead skin cells and bacteria.
• More likely in people who are overweight or who sweat a lot.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
• Many small red bumps are formed and a constant prickling and itching sensation.
• Occasionally small blisters.
• Scratching due to itching is common.
• Rash appears when there is friction with the clothes; can occur on hands, feet, under the arms and chest.
• Babies and children are more affected sp. in nappy area and skin folds or back.
• Rash usually lasts for few days and disappears on its own.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
1. Avoid excessive heat and humidity.
2. Wear loose cotton clothes.
3. Have cool showers.
4. Leave babies without nappies as often as possible.
5. Calamine lotion for soothing purposes.
6. Follow instructions as given by the doctor.
MOTION SICKNESS
It is a sense of discomfort while traveling either by air, road or rail.
A sensation of vomiting, reeling, dizziness, sweating and
paleness are common symptoms
CAUSE:
Is an imbalance between what the eyes see and what the inner ear balance mechanisms feel during movement. This results in signals to the brain from the eyes and inner ear which do not tally.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Anticipation makes sickness more probable.
Get plenty of fresh air, keep your car windows open.
Keep your head as still as possible.
Focus your eyes on a stationary object. Symptoms are less severe if the eyes can see dry land or the horizon. Sit where motion is felt the least.
Eat light meals of low fat, starch.
Try sucking on a lemon.
Try dry biscuits.
Drink any carbonated drink.
Avoid strong smelling, tasting food.
Avoid lay meat before you travel.
Avoid sitting facing backwards in a bus, train.
Avoid alcohol & tobacco.
Avoid reading when in motion.
If sickness does occur, lie down if possible and take small amounts of fluid regularly.
MOUNTAIN SICKNESS
It is an acute reaction of the body to a change from sea level or other low altitude environment to high altitudes generally above 8000 ft.
CAUSES:
Due to decrease in availability of oxygen as a result of thinning of air at high altitudes
Mountain climbers, pilots and persons living at high altitudes are more to be affected.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Respiratory; shortness of breath on exertion
Mental or muscular; weakness, fatigue, dizziness, lassitude, headache, sleepiness, decreased mental acuity, decreases muscular co-ordination and impaired sight and hearing.
Cardiac; chest pain, palpitations.
Gastrointestinal; nausea and vomiting.
Symptoms usually occur with 6hrs to 4 days after arrival at high altitudes and disappear with 2 – 5 days as acclimatization occurs.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
Main protection against altitude sickness in aircraft is the use of pressurized air in cabins.
Mountain climbers should use a mixture of pure oxygen and air to relieve the symptoms while climbing.
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
It is a degenerative disease affecting the nervous system. The cause is not known although much research has been done. About one person in 2000 is affected and women more often than men. Average age of onset is about 30 yrs.
SYMPTOMS:
40% of cases begin with a general feeling of tiredness extreme exhausted or weakness.
Weakness, numbness in one or more limbs.
Stiffness of limbs.
Tingling, heaviness, tightness of limbs or trunk of the body.
Tremors, instability & lack of balance.
Double or blurred or dim vision
Progressive disability and limitations at activities thereby making making point clumsy.
Slurred speech & loss of control over bladder and bowels.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Avoid foods that bring on an attack like milk and dairy products, gluten rich food, caffeine.
Increase intake of fatty acids like linoleic acid in sunflower oil.
Use sunflower, safflower, olive and sesame seed oils as cooking mediums Get a proper diagnosis soon.
Regular yoga and other exercises like gentle stretching and low impact aerobics helps relieve pain and reduce stiffness. Stress factor in MS is severe and yoga provides a force to counter this.
Massage of the entire body is applied with slow, rhythmic and fairly deep movements of kneading. Massage of the legs is most beneficial in maintaining some degree of muscle tone. Abdominal massage helps avoid constipation that is often suffered by those unable to take normal exercises. It results from damage to the sheaths surrounding the nerve fibres of the CNS and like electric wire without insulation affected nerves are unable to function properly.
Where muscles are constricted relaxation and relaxed breathing may help to ease the tension.
Diet:
Low in fats and high in fibre.
Avoid smoking, alcohol and other stimulates like tea, coffee and cola drinks.
MUMPS
It is a viral infection of the salivary glands. The peak season is late winter and spring. Mostly occurs in children under 15 years.
A single attack gives life long immunity.
CAUSES:
Paramyxoma virus
Transmission
Direct contact
Airborne droplet infection by sneezing & coughing
SYMPTOMS:
Fever with sore throat
Pain and tenderness beneath angle of lower jaw
Difficulty in opening mouth
Difficulty in swallowing
Swelling of one cheek and then the other or simultaneous swelling on both sides.
Swelling remains at its peak for about 2 days and then slowly recedes as fever falls in 3-7 days.
Common complication is testicular swelling is young adults lasting for 10 days; Meningitis and Deafness.
Patient is infective for a period of 6 days before appearance of swelling and 5-9 days after swelling appear.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Liquids or semisolid diet depending on patients ability to chew. Bland diet.
Rest till patient is febrile and swelling is subsiding.
Maintain oral hygiene. Wash mouth frequently with lukewarm water. For testicular swelling, complete bed rest & ice compress to scrotum or a sling support for testicle is suggested. c Mumps vaccine is important in children. It’s protective action lasts for more than 12 years.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR IN CASE OF:
Bilateral swelling of cheeks with skin shiny over the swelling
Uncontrolled fever
Testicular pain and swelling
MYALGIA
It is defined as pain in the muscle.
CAUSES:
Overuse of muscle
Muscle injuries eg. Strains, sprains.
Vigorous exercises.
Can accompany infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases etc.
Tension and stress.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Pain and aches in the muscles.
Maybe associated with joint pains, fever and malaise.
Swelling around the affected area.
Occasional bruising in case of injuries.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
1. Rest is of utmost importance.
2. Apply ice during first 24 hrs of injury after that apply heat.
3. Gentle stretching exercises after a period of rest.
4. Regular exercise (slowly increased from very gentle to more vigorous) to restore the muscle tone eg. Walking, cycling, swimming etc.
5. Call the doctor if the pain persists for more than 3 days.
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
It is an auto immune disease characterized by muscle weakness and chronic fatigue of the muscles under voluntary control.
CAUSES:
Hereditary Factors.
Malfunction of the immune system in which the body produces auto anti-bodies that prevent the muscle from responding to the nerve signal.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Can occur at any age but rarely younger than 10 or older than 70 years.
Facial muscle weakness, including drooping eyelids, double vision, difficulty in speech, chewing, swallowing, breathing, etc.
Muscle weakness in the arms and the legs
Fatigue brought on by repetitive motions.
Remissions can occur and can last for months.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
1. The sooner you see the doctor, the earlier the treatment can be initiated.
2. Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy may help to adjust to the tasks one needs to do around the house and in their jobs.
3. Adjust eating routines; and have frequent, but small meals.
4. Try soft foods that require less chewing.
5. Including relaxation techniques e.g. Meditation.
6. Implement safety precautions at home to prevent injuries.
MYELITIS
It is a neurological syndrome caused by inflammation of the spinal cord.
CAUSES:
Viral infections.
Spinal cord injuries.
Immune reactions.
Insufficient blood flow through the blood vessels in the spinal cord.
May occur as a complication of other disorders eg. Measles, chicken pox.
Although recovery usually begins between second and 12 weeks after onset and may continue for unto 2yrs, most individuals are left with considerable disability.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Onset is sudden.
Low backache.
Spinal cord dysfunction.
Muscle spasms.
Numbness and tingling in legs.
Paralysis, urinary retention, loss of bladder control.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
1. Bed rest.
2. Avoidance of bedsores by moving the patient at regular intervals.
3. Physiotherapy to strengthen the muscles, improve the co-ordination and range of movements.
4. Occupational therapy for managing everyday tasks.
5. Psychotherapy to prevent clinical depression.
6. Keeping in tune with the illness by regular discussion with the doctor.
MYXEDEMA
It is the physiological reaction to lack of sufficient thyroid hormone.
CAUSES:
Removal of the thyroid gland for any reason.
Cessation of the functioning of the gland.
Glandular atrophy (shrinking of the gland).
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Changes generally come on gradually.
Thickened skin with underlying fluid causing puffiness in the face, around eyelids and in the hands.
Enlarged tongue.
Drowsiness.
Apathy.
Sensitivity to cold.
Failure to menstruate.
Excessive menstrual bleeding.
Lowering of basal metabolic rate.
In males the sexual activity and sperm production is decreased.
Fertility reduced in both sexes.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
Consult a doctor as soon as initial symptoms start appearing.
Long-term follow-up of the illness is required.
» N
NASAL POLYP
It is a protruberance of the lining of the nasal cavity in the nose which is usually harmless.
It is caused by allergies, sinus infections, overuse of aspirin.
SYMPTOMS:
Chronic nose block.
Difficulty in breathing through nose.
Altered sense of smell.
Headaches.
Pain and heaviness in the area around the nose (the sinuses)
DO’S & DONT’S :
If you have any allergies, avoid allergens.
Drink plenty of fluids.
Avoid beer, wine cordials, etc.
Do not try to manipulate the polyps yourself.
Decongest nose by steam inhalations
Breathing exercises help to decrease the symptoms.
Take only prescribed medicines do not self medicate.
Contact your doctor for any long duration or intense symptoms.
NAUSEA
It is a sick feeling in the stomach as though one would vomit.
Vomiting is simply the physical outcome.
CAUSES:
Common causes are:
Anxiety.
Motion Sickness.
Stress.
Pain like migraine or any other type of pain may be associated with nausea.
Alcohol abuse.
Over eating.
Allergy.
Pregnancy – morning sickness.
Hyperacidity (gastritis, stomach ulcer.).
Gastroenteritis.
Other illnesses that are associated with nausea are:
Gall bladder infection – gall stones.
Uncontrolled diabetes.
Pancreatic problems.
Colorectal cancer.
Side effect of anti cancer drugs.
Jaundice & Hepatitis.
Meningitis.
Appendicitis.
Inner ear disorder.
SYMPTOMS:
Other associated symptoms would depend on the cause of nausea.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
If you feel nauseated at sight, smell close your eyes, plug ears, nose and focus on something pleasurable. Avoid irritating substances like alcohol, tobacco, caffeine. Avoid spicy food, roadside food, unhygeinic water and drink only boiled or purified water.
Avoid excessive drugs and self medication like painkillers, asprin, etc.
If you suffer from motion sickness take preventive treatment from your doctor before your travel. Keep the car window open, get plenty of fresh air. Keep head as still as possible. Eat light meals before traveling. Avoid strong smelling foods. Avoid sitting facing backwards in bus, train.
Suck at a lemon or chew gum if feeling nauseated
In kidney infections – drink plenty of water. If Pregnant – Do not leave stomach empty. Eat dry snacks like biscuits, dry toast. Avoid extremely salty food. Eat small meals several times a day. Avoid large meals. Take fluids like water, fruit juice, coconut water, barley water.
Suck on a piece of ice.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR IMMEDIATELY:
If symptom is constant or recurrent.
If accompanied with fever, headache, abdominal pain, vomiting, painful urination, chest pain, shortness of breath, ringing in ears, vertigo & dizziness.
NEPHRITIS- ACUTE
It is the inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidney. It has sudden onset of the symptoms.
CAUSATIONS:
. Streptococcal infection
. Viral infection
. Vasculitis
. Infective endocarditis
. Prolonged systemic diseases
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
It is a syndrome characterized by sudden onset of haematuria, proteinuria, oliguria & hypertension.
Presentation in children
Swelling of the face
Oedema around the eyes
Oedema at the ankle
Breathlessness due to pulmonary oedema or pleural effusion
Slight discomforting pain at the renal angle.
Fever
Anorexia
Vomiting
Headache
Presentation in adults
Haematuria (blood in the urine)
Progressive tiredness
Oedema legs
Oliguria (less urine out- put)
Anuria in severe cases
Smoky red urine
DO’S & DON’TS:
. Patient must rest till the haematuria, hypertension & oedema is under control.
. When oedema is raised water intake should be restricted to 500 ml daily plus the volume of urine on the earlier day.
. Sodium intake should be restricted. No added salt diet.
. Proteins also should not be excess in diet.
. Infective foci should be treated by consulting the physician.
NEPHRITIS –CHRONIC
It is the inflammation of glomerulus following the systemic diseases, which usually ends in renal failure by gradually developing uraemia.
CAUSATIONS:
. Polyarteritis
. SLE
. Amyloidosis
. Diabetes mellitus
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Anaemia
. Loss of energy
. Breathlessness
. Loss of appetite
. Nausea
. Vomiting
. Diarrhoea
. Headaches
. Hypertension
. Visual disturbances
. Pruritis
. Bone pain
. Muscular weakness
. Neuropathy with loss of motor & sensory functions gradually
. Amenorrhoea in females
. Loss of libido in males
. Atherosclerosis (thickening of the blood vessels from within)
. Reduced renal function
. Severe anasaraca (water retention)
DO’S & DON’TS:
. Water intake should be monitored
. No added salt diet.
. Infections should be treated.
. Rest is must.
. Kidney functions are helped with dialysis if indicated.
. Electrolyte studies should be regularly done.
. If the kidney function is grossly reduced renal transplant should be considered.
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
It is a condition where there is oedema, proteinuria & hypoproteinaemia irrespective of the cause.
CAUSATIONS:
. Glomerular causes
Minimal change nephropathy
Proliferative glomerulonephritis
Membranous nephropathy
Focal & segmental glomerulosclerosis
Cresentric glomeruloneprhitis
. Infections
malaria
Hepatitis B
Herpes zoster infections
Streptococcal infection
Staphylococcus infection
Syphilis
Leprosy
Schistosomiasis
. Drug induced
Heavy metal like gold therapy
Anticonvulsant drugs
. Malignancy
Lymphomas & Hodgkin’s disease.
. Systemic diseases
Diabetes mellitus
SLE
Amyloidosis
Polyarteritis nodusa
Cryoglobulinemia
. Familial disorders
Congenital nephritic syndrome
Fabry’s disease.
. Miscellaneous
Reflux nephropathy
Renal vein thrombosis
Toxaemia of pregnancy
Allergic reactions to insect bites, pollens, vaccines.
Renal artery stenosis
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Oedema is peripheral to lower limbs.
. In children oedema on the face & abdomen
. Scrotal oedema/ Vulva oedema
. Bilateral hydrothorax
. Generalised anasarca
. Loss of appetite
. Loss of weight
.Diarrhoea
. Vomiting
. Lethargy, tiredness
. Frequent infections
. Muscular wasting
. Dyspnoea
. Increased blood pressure
. In later stages hypertension becomes permanent.
DO’S & DON’TS:
. Rest to avoid any complications.
. Underlying conditions should be treated by consulting the physician.
. Proper diet with low proteins for proteinuria
. Diet should be low in fats.
NYSTAGMUS
It is a series of involuntary, rhythmic oscillations of one or both eyes. It may be manifested in horizontal or vertical planes or around the central axis. These movements can be equal in speed & amplitude in both the directions or it can be faster in any one direction. On this basis the nystagmus is divided into the types—HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL, ROTATORY.
CAUSATIONS:
. Lesion in the cerebellum
. Lesions in the superior colliculus
. Lesion at the foramen magnum involving medulla & cerebellar tonsils.
. Multiple sclerosis
. Brain stem tumor
. Wernicke’s encephalopathy.
. Diffuse brain stem lesion
. Alcoholism
. Encephalitis
. Syringobulbia
.Congenital
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Visual disturbances in either horizontal or vertical plane.
. Vertigo.
. In co-ordination
. Waves in front of the eyes
DO’S & DON’TS:
. Type of the nystagmus should be determined & then treated.
. Underlying conditions should be treated by consulting your physician.
. Stop alcohol
. Refractive error if any should be corrected.
. Since some nystagmus are position induced those positions should be strictly avoided once identified.
. Rest to avoid trauma from visual disturbance & vertigo.
» O
» P
PALPITATIONS
Healthy people are often aware of their heartbeat after strenuous exercises or after anxiety or fear.
Awareness of the heartbeat at other times is known as palpitations.
There are three main types of palpitations:
Rapid heartbeat : Mostly in an over-active thyroid gland and may occur in people who secrete more adrenaline. Caffeine and coffee may also increase the heartbeat.
Irregular heartbeat : Is usually a sign of old age and can be caused by alcoholism and diseases of heart valves or other heart disorders Extra heartbeat: Is usually due to anxiety or maybe a symptom of heart disease.
SYMPTOMS:
An awareness of heart beating may be associated with nausea, vomiting, headache, breathlessness, cold limbs.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Anxiety increases palpitations. Avoid stressful situations if prone to palpitations.
Stick to a regular routine and set regular times for work, meals and leisure.
Yoga and relaxation techniques help quieten the agitation. Most of palpitations can be relieved by cutting down on caffeine, nicotine and alcohol.
Do not self medicate.
Get a thorough check up done under a qualified physician, who
will advise ECG and other blood tests to detect any disorder
PANCREATITIS
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the Pancreas. It can be acute, chronic or recurrent. It is characterized by upper abdominal pain radiating to the back.
CAUSES:
Biliary tract obstruction
Alcoholism
Hyperparathyroidism
Metabolic hyperlipidemia
Infections
Trauma
Connective tissue diseases
Acute liver failure
SYMPTOMS:
Acute pancreatitis
Severe upper abdominal pain which radiates to the back
Nausea and Vomiting
Fever
Jaundice
Bluish discoloration in flanks or umbilicus
Difficulty in breathing
Tachycardia (increased pulse rate)
Rise in systolic blood pressure
Collapse
Shock
Chronic pancreatitis
Nausea and Vomiting
Indigestion
Flatulence
Pain in epigastrium radiating to the back
Pain worse after meals
Weight loss
Backache
Symptoms of diabetes
Steatorrhoea (fatty stools)
DO’S & DON’TS:
Take plenty of fluid
Take a low fat bland diet
Avoid alcohol
COSULT DOCTOR:
When the pain does not respond to treatment
If the pain is severe and there are signs of collapse and shock. Consult the doctor promptly as it could be some complication of acute pancreatitis.
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
It is a syndrome characterized by hypokinesia, tremor and rigidity.
CAUSES:
-Idiopathic-paralysis agitans
-Post-encephalitic Parkinsonism
– Lack of blood supply to the cerebrum
-Cerebral arteriosclerosis (thickening of the walls of the arteries due to aging or hypertension)
-As a sequelae of various infectious process e.g. viral encephalitis
– Toxins- carbon monoxide, manganese, carbon disulphide
-Drugs- reserpine, phenothiazines, alpha methyldopa, butyrophenones, haloperidol
-Wilson’s disease
– Degeneration of the cerebellum
-Syphilitic mesencephalitis
-Tumors of the brain stem (rare)
-Tuberculosis (rare)
SYMPTOMS:
1. Tremors
-It is usually the first symptom
-It generally begins in one upper extremity
-Tremor at rest and described as “pin-rolling”
-Head may be involved
-Tremors disappear during sleep
Rigidity:
- Plastic or lead pipe rigidity i.e. present to equal extent in opposing muscle groups
-If a limb is passively moved, the rigidity gives way with a series of slight jerks, or “cog-wheel” type if combined with tremor
Bradikinesia (difficulty in initiating movements, slowness in executing movements, and an inability to make adjustments to the posture of the body)
– Mask- like face
-Infrequent blinking
-Impaired ocular convergence
-Slow monotonous speech
-Micrographia
-Reduced swinging of arms
– Short tottering steps (Festinant gait)
Postural disturbances
– Difficulty in rising from chair
– Difficulty in rolling over in bed
– Stopped posture
-Disturbance of balance
Gait disturbances
-Reduced or absence of swinging of one arm while walking
-In advanced cases-
Neither arm may swing
The stride length shortens
The trunk appears stiff
The whole body moves in one mass when the patient turns
-In more advanced cases-
Patients may appear to freeze
Their feet seem to stick to the floor or
They may take small steps on the floor, often rising on the toes and leaning forward
Pain
Deep cramping sensations
Mental disturbances
– Anxiety
– Depression
– Dementia with a prominent lack of motivation, or with hallucinations
Postural hypotension
– Tendency to fall
– Lack of energy while walking
Dyskinesia (a group of involuntary movements that appear to be a fragmentation of the normal smoothly controlled limb and facial movements)
– In the form of writing, swinging movements of limbs and trunk
Essential tremors
– Tremor worse with posture and action
– With family history
– Tremors with no rigidity
– Tremors in response to alcohol
DO’S AND DON’TS:
-Carry an identity card with telephone number always.
-Take someone along while going out.
-Use a stick for support while walking.
-Take care of the cause of anxiety or stress.
-Avoid handling delicate articles.
- Inform banks or other necessary places about your disease and the subsequent change in your signature as a result of the disease.
-Exercise regularly and eat nutritious food.
-Avoid alcohol and smoking.
-Avoid going to areas with lot of pollution to prevent inhaling of free metals in air.
-Walk regularly as walking is known to increase brain activity.
-Treat them with patience and dignity.
CALL THE DOCTOR:
If the symptoms hamper daily life
PELLAGRA
It is a nutritional disease caused by the deficiency of ‘nicotinic acid’ (a ‘B’ vitamin). It is usually associated with high intake of maize (corn) or jowar (sorghum).
CAUSES:
Consumption of diet poor in either nicotinic acid, or the amino acid tryptophan from which nicotinic acid can be synthesized.
Vitamin and protein deficiency diets of chronic alcoholics
Occasionally seen in patients suffering from cirrhosis, chronic diarrheas, diabetes and cancerous growth
SYMPTOMS:
Dermatitis (inflammation of skin) It is bilaterally symmetrical seen on parts exposed to sunlight such as back of hands and forearms, face and neck etc. There is itching and burning resembling sun burn. In chronic cases the patches turn reddish brown, become rough, scaly and pigmented. There is a dull- red erythema (flushing of skin) on bridge of nose and around the cheeks with powdery scaling (butterfly erythema and pigmentation)
Diarrhea with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
Dementia (memory disorder, confusion, disorientation etc)
Hallucination
Fatigue
Insomnia (loss of sleep)
Glossitis (inflammation of tongue)
Stomatitis (inflammation of mucous lining of the mouth)
Vaginitis in females
Anemia
DO’S & DON’TS:
Take diet rich in niacin like brown rice, pomegranates, whole grains, meat, fish etc.
Take diet rich in tryptophen like eggs and milk.
Bed rest in advanced cases
PARAPLEGIA
Paralysis of both the legs
CAUSES:
UPPER MOTOR NEURONE LESION
Intracranial causes
a. Tumor
b. Thrombosis (blood clot)
c. Cerebral diplegia (paralysis affecting both sides of the body and affecting legs more severely than arms
Spinal causes:
Systemic Degeneration of the tract: Multiple sclerosis (hardening of the tissue
Syringomyelia (disease of the spinal cord)
Ataxia (shaky movements & unsteady gait)
Secondary affections of the white matter
Trauma: fracture dislocation
Infection
Hemorrhage
Thrombosis
A-V malformations
Compression: Tumor, Cervical spondylosis
Chronic malnutrition- Pellagra
Toxins: from a certain type of food consumed
LOWER MOTOR NEURONE LESION
Acute anterior poliomyelitis
Spinal muscular atrophies (wasting)
Peripheral neuropathy (disease of peripheral nerves causing
weakness & numbness
Myasthenia gravis (abnormal fatigue & weakness of selected
muscles
Muscular dystrophies (disorder due to impaired nourishment)
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
Decreased muscle power
Disturbances of the tone e.g. Parkinsonism
Loss of postural sense
Hysteria
SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA:
Weakness of limb or limbs associated with increased reflex activity. This results in resistance to passive movement of the limb that is maximum at
The beginning of the movement and gives way if more pressure is applied
CAUSES:
Transverse myelitis (inflammatory disease of the spinal cord)
Spinal cord compression including tuberculosis of the spine
Anterior spinal artery occlusion
Trauma to the spine
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
Constant & intermittent pain which increases on coughing or straining
Tingling and numbness in the affected limb
Some psychological symptoms are present like euphoria(state of optimism, cheerfulness and well-being),
Fever may be present
PEPTIC ULCER
CAUSES:
Genetic factors (tends to run in families).
Some individuals have increased secretion of acid in stomach.
Blood group O.
Smoking.
Type "A" personality – aggressive, anxious, ambitious Prolonged stress and anxiety (duodenal ulcers). Drug induced e.g. aspirin.
SYMPTOMS:
Pains are related to meals
Gastric ulcer : Pain worse eating. Individual is thin anemic Duodenal ulcer: Pain better temporarily by eating has to get up at night to eat again. Individual is healthy.
Periodicity of pain i.e. when pain is absent, recurrent bouts of heartburn, anorexia, nausea and vomiting suggest possibility of ulcer.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Avoid tobacco, coffee, alcohol, tea, hurried meals, raw vegetables, and fruits, fried food, meat extracts, condiments and spices and apples.
Avoid emotional stress.
Avoid excessive fatigue.
Avoid self medication that might reactivate ulcer e.g. aspirin, NSAID, steroids, etc.
Snacks between breakfast and lunch and lunch and dinner and glass of milk before retiring should be consumed if possible. Snacks may consist of biscuits, toast or chapattis, with or without butter, sandwiches, light cake, curds, butter milk, milk, ice-cream, custard or pudding.
Eat small meals but at short intervals.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
Stomach pain which is periodic related to meals. Dizziness, fainting, vomiting blood and tarry stools indicates haemorrhage.
If periodicity is lost and there is continuous severe epigastric pain radiating to shoulder (perforation of ulcer).
PERICARDITIS
It is the inflammation of the pericardium (membrane surrounding the heart) and may be either acute or chronic in nature.
CAUSES:
- Nonspecific pericarditis or pericarditis of unknown cause
-Rheumatic pericarditis
-Infective: Viral (influenza, mumps, herpes simplex, AIDS)
Fungal (actinomycosis, histoplasmosis)
Bacterial (tuberculosis, pyogenic organisms)
Parasitic (ecchinococcus, Amoebiasis, Filariasis)
Protozoal (Amoebiasis, toxoplasmosis)
Spirochetal (syphilitic, Lyme disease)
-Metabolic diseases e.g. uremia
-Auto immune e.g. – Systemic lupus erythromatosus
– Rheumatic fever
– Rheumatoid arthritis
– Scleroderma
– Polyarteritis nodosa
- Giant cell arteritis
-After heart attack
-After operations
- Tumors and infiltrations – Cancer of the bronchus or the esophagus
– Lymphoma (cancerous tumor of the lymph node)
- Leukemia (a group of malignant i.e. cancerous diseases in which the bone marrow and other blood forming organs produce increased numbers of certain types of white blood cells)
-Trauma
-Endocrine disorders e.g. myxoedema
-Drugs e.g. hydrallazine
-Serum sickness
-Radiation
-Hemopericardium- Cardiac rupture
– Aortic dissection
– Trauma
– Thoracic surgical procedures
- Tran venous cardiac pacemaker
SYMPTOMS:
-Onset- Abrupt with chills, fever and pain in the region of the chest immediately over the heart, or insidious with the following symptoms:
-Chest pain- main symptom
Pleuritic pain aggravated by change of position, deep inspiration, coughing or swallowing. Sitting forward may give relief.
Steady severe pain mimicking heart attack
–Dyspnoea (labored breathing) and short hacking cough
-General symptoms
Fever
Sweating
Chills etc depending on the cause
–Tachycardia (increased heart rate)
-Rapid breathing
DO’S AND DON’TS:
Take bed rest
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
As hospitalization may be required
PHLEBITIS
Inflammation of the vein is known as phlebitis. Inflammation with clot formation within the veins is known as thrombo phlebitis.
TWO TYPES OR FORMS ARE SEEN:
Superficial thrombophlebitis which occurs in veins near the skin and is relatively harmless.
Deep thrombophlebitis affects the interior or deep veins and legs and is potentially dangerous.
CAUSES:
Varicose veins.
Trauma.
Infection.
Pregnancy /Oral contraception.
Abnormalities of coagulation.
Malignancy.
RISK FACTORS:
Injury.
Prolonged immobility.
Obesity.
Advanced age.
Post-operative.
Steroids.
Varicose veins.
Increased blood pressure.
Smoking.
And extremely high altitude (more than 14,000 feet)
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Superficial.
Swelling and pain along the veins.
Fever.
Red and painful cord.
Warmth, Redness, tenderness.
Deep.
Limb pain
Swelling.
Tenderness.
Warmth, Redness, of skin over area.
Fever.
Blueness of the affected limb
Calf muscle pain.
DO’S & DONT’S:
If it is a superficial vein inflammation.
Use elastic support stockings to improve blood flow.
Avoid standing for too long.
Regular exercise helps to have good circulation. Legs raised on cushion while sleeping or sitting help to lessen the swelling.
Vitamin C and Vitamin E supplements are recommended.
Avoid sitting with legs crossed.
High fibre diet-whole grain, peas, beans, etc. are helpful. Use a heating pad or apply a moist warm back to swollen areas for relief.
Do not massage the affected part. You might dislodge the clot within the vessel and cause life threatening complications. In case of obesity maintain your weight by dieting and exercise.
Avoid smoking and Alcohol.
Avoid sedentary life style-Regular exercise is most helpful in prevention.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
If you see any change of skin colour in superficial phlebitis.
If swelling does not subside on 2 to 3 days.
If redness of pain goes on increasing.
If there is a ulcer developing on the inflamed vein.
If there is bleeding from the veins.
PICA
Pica is a craving or a habit of eating non-edible and unsuitable substances due to perversion of appetite. Recent evidences suggest that some patients may have particular mineral deficiencies like iron etc. It is common in early childhood but is also seen in mentally handicapped and psychotic patients.
CAUSES:
Parental neglect
Lack of affection
Emotional deprivation
Malnutrition
Iron deficiency
Poor economic status
Mental retardation
SYMPTOMS:
It is indiscriminate eating of non-nutritious and harmful substances such as:
Grass
Leaves
Stones
Chalk
Pencil
Lead
Wall plaster
Clay
Ash
Paint
Soap
Earth or mud
Cigarette buts
DO’S & DON’TS:
Keep the substances that are harmful out of child’s reach
Moral support from the parents is necessary for the child
Give a lot of love and affection
Do not neglect the child or patient
Give a diet rich in iron if deficiency is the cause
CONSULT DOCTOR:
When there are associated risks like gastric infections, vomiting etc,
If the child has consumed a very harmful substance
PILES
Piles are caused by swollen veins inside or on the outside of the anus.
CAUSES:
Straining to expel constipated stool.
Over purgation and due to diarrhoea of colitis, dysentery, etc.
Low roughage diet.
Pregnancy.
Straining to urinate as seen in stricture of urethra or enlarged prostate.
Cancer of rectum.
Hereditary tendency.
SYMPTOMS:
It is the commonest cause of anal bleeding. Bleeding is bright red, (painless usually, rarely can be painful) along with defecation.
Blood splashes in pain as stool comes out.
Mucus discharge and itching.
Prolapse of piles either they go back themselves or they have to be replaced manually.
Sensation of incomplete evacuation of rectum.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Don’t strain at stool. Avoid prolonged sitting on the toilet. Don’t strain at urination. Get the conditions treated that give rise to difficult micturition or defecation. Use high roughage diet and drink sufficient liquids to avoid constipation.
Lose weight, if over weight.
Avoid prolonged sitting at work. Get up and more around periodically. Exercise regularly.
Itchiness and pain can be relieved by taking hot baths.
Use moist wipes, instead of rough toilet paper.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
If there is bleeding per rectum.
Pain with passage of stools.
PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR [TINEA VERSICOLOR]
It is a chronic, non-inflammatory fungal infection of the skin due to Pityrosporum orbiculare.
CAUSES:
– Caused by yeast like fungus Malassezia furfur that occurs as a saprophyte [pityrosporum orbiculare] in areas of the human skin, which secrete the oily secretion of the sebaceous glands.
SYMPTOMS:
– Common in young males
– Lesions are either hypo pigmented or hyper pigmented, finely scaly
– Lesions are asymptomatic
– Location-Perifollicularly over the chest and back
– Shoulders
– Upper arms
– Abdominal wall
– Neck
– Face-most common
DO’S AND DONT’S:
– Keep the affected part dry.
PNEUMONIA
It is an acute inflammation of the lung lining (parenchyma). If only one lobe of lung is affected it is called lobar pneumonia. If the inflammation is from the bronchi to other parts of the lungs, then it is called broncho pneumonia. Pneumonia can occur as a complication of many illnesses and like common cold and flu can be transmitted from one person to another.
CAUSES:
Infection due to virus, bacteria and fungus. Aspiration ( passage of fluid or food into the respiratory passages) from the mouth or stomach.
It is a common complication of respiratory ailments.
Bacterial pneumonias are more severe than viral
Risk factors:
Hospitalization or stay in camps and military bases.
Alcoholism.
Extremes of age.
Tobacco smoking.
Cardiac disease.
Diabetes.
Malnutrition (poor nutrition).
HIV status.
Low immunity.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS :
Bacterial pneumonia
Sudden onset.
Cough.
Fever.
Chest pain with Breathlessness.
Chills.
Dark thick, or bloody sputum.
Loss of appetite.
Weakness.
Increased pulse.
Increased respiratory rate.
Restlessness.
Viral pneumonia
Fever with chills
Cough with yellowish greenish sputum.
Breathlessness
Headache.
Fungal pneumonia
Weakness
Fatigue
Breathlessness
Fever with chills
Cough-scanty white or no expectoration.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Take steam inhalations for nasal congestion at least 2 to 3 times a day.
Take warm water gargles to soothe your throat.
Avoid contact with infected people.
Avoid crowded places.
Avoid sharing things such as towels, beverages with infected people.
Diet of fresh fruit and vegetable given for the first few days then fruit, vegetables, grains and a little of protein added can be taken.
Dairy products and sweets should be avoided to decrease mucus production.
Zinc, Vitamin A and Vitamin C are given to lift the immunity. Avoid smoking and alcohol as a treatment and also for prevention.
Avoid keeping birds as pets. They transmit a rare form of pneumonia called parrot fever.
Onion and garlic help to relieve the congestion. Heating pad or hot water bag on chest or back to relieve chest pain.
Drink plenty of fluids and fresh juice and vegetables juices to thin lung secretions, so that it is easily coughed out. Bed rest or very reduced activity during infection. Breathing exercises or bedridden patients is a must to avoid aspiration.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
If the symptoms indicate that you have pneumonia.
If there is a sharp chest pain and does not respond to treatment. If there is increase breathlessness or if your finger nails, toe nails skin becomes dark or blue in colour. Blood in your cough.
POLYPS
A growth usually benign (non cancerous) protruding from a mucous membrane
RECTAL POLYPS:
Rectum (terminal part of large intestine where faeces are stored before defecation
The rectum is the most frequent site of polyps
All the polyps have a tendency to become malignant (cancerous), this tendency is greatly enhanced if the polyp is more than 1cm in diameter
TYPES OF RECTAL POLYPS:
1. JUVENILE POLYPS:
a. Found in infants and children
b. Occasionally it persists in adult life
c. Bright red glistening pedunculated
d. Symptoms like bleeding or pain are present
e. It has virtually no tendency to malignant change but should be treated if it is causing symptoms
2. METAPALSTIC POLYPS:
a. Small pinkish sessile polyps2-4mm in diameter
b. Frequently multiple
c. They are harmless
3. PSEUDOPOLYPS:
a. They are caused due to inflammatory diseases and tropical diseases
b. Usually associated with colitis
c. They are edematous
4. VILLOUS ADENOMAS:
a. They are often very large and fill the entire rectum
b. These have a characteristic frond- like appearance
c. The large ones have a tendency to become malignant-a change that can be detectable most easily by palpation with the finger; any hard area should be assumed to be malignant and should be send for biopsy
5. FAMALIAL ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS:
a. Formerly known as familial polyposis coli
b. Occurs at around puberty with development of multiple rectal polyps
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
1. Most of the non cancerous polyps can be treated with medicines
2. Hence opinion of the consulting doctor is essential who advices surgery if necessary.
POLYURIA
Polyuria is a term used to denote a urine volume of above 3 liters per day. This should be qualified to exclude normal individual who consume large quantities of fluid therefore form large volumes of urine. Since voiding volumes may not be clear from the history, a 24-hour investigation for the cause of polyuria needs to be substantiated.
CAUSES:
1]. Inadequate renal water conservation
A] Diabetes insipidus
Vasopressin-sensitive
- After excision of pituitary gland
-Post- injury
- Supra-or intrasellar [above/ inside the sella turcica] tumors or cysts of unknown origin
- Granuloma
- Encroachment by aneurysm
- Fat embolus
- Gullain-Barre’s syndrome
Nephrogenic
- Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis with bacterial infection
- Multiple myeloma [a cancerous tumor of the plasma cells]
- Obstructive uropathy
- Sarcoidosis
- Hypercalcemic [excess of calcium in the blood] or hypokalemic [low potassium levels in the blood] nephropathy
- Sjogren’s syndrome
- Sickle cell anemia
- Kidney transplantation
- Drugs or toxins- e.g. lithium, ethanol etc
- Hereditary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
B] Solute diuresis
- Glucosuria [presence of dextrose in urine]
– High-protein tube feedings
- Urea or mannitol infusion
- Radiographic contrast media
- Chronic renal failure
C] Natriuretic Syndromes
- Salt-losing nephritis
- Diuretic agents
2] Primary polydipsia [excessive thirst]
- Psychogenic
- Hypothalamic disease
- Drugs [chlorpromazine, anticholinergic drugs]
SYMPTOMS:
- Increase in urine volume
- Excessive thirst may or may not be present
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
- In order to distinguish whether it is normal or due to some medical cause
PROLAPSE OF RECTUM
It is a downward displacement of rectum from its normal position. It occurs in extremes of life – in children between the ages of 1 and 3 years and in elderly people. It can be a partial prolapse or complete prolapse. In a partial prolapse the mucous membrane and sub mucosa of the rectum protrude outside the anus, where as a complete prolapse consists of all the layers of the rectal wall and at times may even contain a pouch of peritoneum with small intestine.
CAUSES:
Partial prolpase
Infants
Due to direct downward course of rectum and not yet developed sacral curve
Diminished support to the mucosal lining of the anal canal.
Children
Partial prolapse after an attack of diarrhoea
Severe whooping cough
Loss of weight and diminution of fat in the ischiorectal fossae
Adults
Hemorrhoids
Straining for stools due to constipation
In a female, torn perineum (region between the anus and urethral opening)
In male, straining for urination from urethral obstruction like prostatitis etc.
In old age due to atony (loss of normal elasticity of the muscles) of the sphincter mechanism
Operations for fistula-in-ano
Complete prolapse
Weakness of supporting tissues especially in elderly people
Prolapse of uterus in women
History of gynaecological operation like hysterectomy (removal of uterus) in women
SYMPTOMS:
Something coming out of the anus while passing stools or straining for stools, urination etc.
DO’S & DON’TS:
If a child has severe cough for a long time treat it promptly
If the child is malnourished give him an adequate diet
Adults should not strain much while passing stools or urinating. Treat the underlying cause.
If the muscles have lost the tone consult the doctor and start some exercises to tone it up
CONSULT THE DOCTOR:
If all conservative measures fail it may be necessary to consult a surgeon to operate upon
PROLAPSE OF UTERUS (WOMB)
It is the descent of the uterus through the vagina
CAUSES:
1. FAILURE OF THE SUPPORTS TO THE PELVIC ORGANS:
a. Weakness of the pelvic supports found in young virgins
b. Damage of the pelvic supports at the first child-birth
c. Early bearing down pains
d. Delivery of head without empting the bladder which results in tear of the bladder
e. Improper management during puerperium(period up to six weeks after child-birth
f. Atrophy(shrinking) of the pelvic supports after menopause
g. Under nutrition causes weakness of the pelvic supports which lead to prolapse during child bearing period
h. Following surgery
2. INCREASED INTRA ABDOMINAL PRESSURE :
a. Chronic cough
b. Constipation
c. Chronic dysentery
d. Heavy weight lifting
e. Obesity
3. UTERINE WEIGHT AND TRACTION
a. Bulky uterus
b. Cervical fibroid polyp
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
1. “Something coming down” per vagina of “falling of the womb” on straining or even standing is characteristic
2. Sacral or lumbosacral backache
3. White discharge
4. Menstrual disorders are not common, there may be menorrhagia(abnormal heavy bleeding at menstruation in long standing cases
5. The patient is of child-bearing and postmenopausal age
6. General health may be normal or poor or weakness is present
7. Anaemia may be present
DO’S & DONT’S:
1. Proper care during the antenatal and intranatal care is necessary
2. During the period of six months after delivery –early ambulation, physiotherapy,
Adequate relief from domestic burden, adequate food and finally spacing of childbirth by contraception are important measures
3. Removal of factor for straining is a very important aspect of the treatment.
For obesity, woman is advised on reducing the diet, constipation and dysentery or chronic cough should be treated with medical advice. She is advised to avoid heavy strain
CALL FOR THE DOCTOR:
1. If patient keeps on getting down the feeling of “something coming down” especially while coughing, while straining for stools or even standing should consult the doctor immediately
PRURITUS VULVAE
This is the distressing symptom of itching of the vulva (external female genitalia) often extending to the surrounding area.
CAUSES:
1). GYNAECOLOGICAL CAUSES
-Irritative vaginal discharge from trichomonas vaginitis, monalial vaginitis
-Vaginal discharge from other forms of inflammation of the vagina or the cervix
-Discharge of urine in urinary incontinence
-Discharge of stool in rectovaginal fistula (an abnormal communication between the rectum and the vagina)
-Complete perineal (region of the body between the anus and the urethral opening, including both skin and underlying muscle) tear
-Chronic vulval lesions- leukoplekia (thickened white patches on the membrane lining the vulva), lichen sclerosis
-Ulcerative vulval lesions- chancre, lymphogranuloma, vulval cancer
2). LOCAL IRRITANT
-Unclean hygiene
-Chemical irritant- antiseptic solutions, strong soaps, ointments
-Tight clothing
-Contraceptives
-Masturbation
3)ALIMENTARY CAUSES
-Any parasite from the anus- threadworm, chronic amoebiasis
4)SKIN CAUSES
Any local or generalized skin disease:
-Eczema
-Psoriasis
-Scabies
-Drug rash
-Lichenification (thickening of certain cell layer in the epidermis causing brown or violet patches with exaggeration of normal creases)
5)DEFICIENCY DISEASES
-Hypo chromic anemia
-Deficiency of riboflavin or vitamin A
-Achlorhydria
-Hypothyroidism
6). METABOLIC CAUSES
-Diabetes mellitus
-Jaundice
-Adiposity
-Uremia
7). ALLERGIC FACTORS
-Certain food, drugs
-Certain type of clothing
8)PSYCHOLOGICAL CAUSES- psychoneurosis
9)MARITAL DISHARMONY
SYMPTOMS:
-Much itching at the vulva, at times causing sleeplessness
DO’S AND DON’TS:
-Maintain good sanitary hygiene
-Avoid wearing tight clothing
-Avoid using strong soaps or other irritant substances
-Refrain from using certain kinds of synthetic clothes or eating some food articles, which do not agree
-Take a healthy diet to correct any kind of deficiency
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
In order to detect the cause as this is very important
PSORIASIS
These are red, scaly (silvery white) patches which can appear anywhere on the skin. It is uncommon before age of 10 and common between 15-30 years.
CAUSE:
Unknown. Possibly genetically determined.
Precipitating factors are:
Psychological emotional stress
Cold weather
Injury
Septic focus
Drugs like Steroids, Brufen, Lithium, Antimalarials and Beta-
adrenergic blockers
SYMPTOMS:
Usually affects both sides of body symmetrically
Well circumscribed red, dry plaques (flat areas on skin) of various sizes, covered with scales Removal of scales gives rise to pin-point bleeding points. Sites can be anywhere on the body especially on e.g. elbow, knees, sacrum and occiput.
Lesions are coin shaped or circular with central clearing
Joints can get affected especially finger joints
Nails frequently become pitted and thick with brownish black
discoloration
DO’S & DONT’S:
Try to avoid or overcome the precipitating or trigger factors.
A warm climate may help to control relapses. Coal-tar, steroidal preparation are effective for a short time and should not be continued for long.
Artificial ultraviolet light may help.
There is some evidence to link alcohol with psoriasis. So avoid alcohol altogether.
Raise your general immunity with a good nutritious diet and regular exercise.
PULMONARY EMBOLISM (COR PULMONALE)
It is a condition in which an embolus (a blood clot) is carried in circulation to lodge in the pulmonary artery. It can be acute, subacute or chronic in nature.
CAUSES:
-Source of a clot
: Deep vein thrombosis- of the veins of the calves or pelvis
: Heart- Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
-Mitral stenosis (abnormal narrowing of the mitral valve of the heart)
-Infective endocarditis (inflammation of the lining of the heart cavity and the valves)
-Isolated myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle)
-Precipitating factors
: Straining at stool
: Straining to get out of bed or wheel chair
: Paroxysm of cough
-Asphyxial (suffocation)
: Acute on chronic bronchitis
: Severe asthma
-Malignant (cancerous)
: Miliary carcinomatosis of the lung
: Lymphangitic carcinomatosis (mostly from breast, lung, GI, ovarian and cervical
cancers)
SYMPTOMS:
-Dyspnoea (difficult breathing) of sudden onset
Tachpnoea (rapid breathing)
Hyperventilation (abnormally rapid breathing even at rest)
Asthmatic breathing if reflex bronchospasm
- Chest pain
: In precordium (region of the chest immediately above the heart) or retrosternal like angina or cardiac infarction
: Pain due to pleurisy may appear after few hours or days
Pain is usually worse on deep inspiration
-Hemoptysis (coughing up of blood) may occur
-Circulatory collapse due to sudden reduction in cerebral and coronary blood flow
-Syncope or death may occur when degree of pulmonary arterial obstruction is severe and sudden
DO’S AND DON’TS:
-Elevation of legs in order to collapse the veins
-Use of elastic stockings
-Leg exercises in the form of pressing the feet against the foot of the bed several times a day
-Treat the cough
-Do not strain while defecation or for getting out of the bed or wheel chair.
CONSULT THE DOCTOR:
As hospitalization is essential
PULMONARY FIBROSIS
Pulmonary fibrosis is formation of scar tissue by diseases of the lungs in the process of healing. It is a common end result of a variety of lung disorders. It is a pathological rather than a clinical entity. The affected portion of the lung is shrunken, firm and airless.
CAUSES:
Pulmonary tuberculosis
Bronchiectasis (broadening of the bronchi or their branches)
Fungal and parasitic diseases of the lung
Inhalation of dust and other particles produced in industries by people, who are working for many years
Left sided heart failure
Radiation therapy for breast tumors etc
Systemic sclerosis
Polyarteritis nodosa
Rheumatoid disease
Drugs
Granulomas (a mass of granulation tissue formed in response to infection)
Unknown cause at times
SYMPTOMS:
Cough with phlegm
Phlegm is large in amount and is mucopurulent (mucous and pus)
Blood tinged sputum
Difficulty in breathing
Cyanosis (blueness)
Chest on affected side is retracted and flat
PULMONARY OEDEMA
It is an increase in the fluid content of the extra vascular tissue of the lung.
CAUSES:
Cardiogenic-
-Left ventricular failure
- Heart attack
-Mitral stenosis (narrowing of the opening of the mitral valve)
-Cardiac arrhythmias (deviation from the normal rhythm of the heart)
-Left atrial myxoma (tumor of the heart)
-Hypertensive encephalopathy (changes in the functioning of brain)
- Death of a part or whole lung due to obstruction of blood supply
Non-cardiogenic
-Fluid overload (over hydration)
-Neurogenic- Fracture skull
– Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)
– Post-ictal state (a stroke or any sudden attack e.g. an epileptic fit)
- Increased intracranial pressure
-Near drowning
-Shock
-Infections- Endotoxins from gram-negative septicemia, pneumonia and bronchopneumonia
-Inhalation of noxious fumes and gases- Chlorine
– Hydrogen sulphide
– Nitrogen dioxide
– Sulphur dioxide
– Ammonia
– Phosgene
– Ozone
– Polymer fumes
- Certain metallic salts
-Inhalation of gastric acid
-Rapid aspiration of large pleural effusion
-High altitude pulmonary edema
-Trauma:
1) Drug-induced- IV narcotic (drugs like heroine) abuse
2) Cytotoxic drugs such as cyclophosphamide etc
3) Poisoning e.g. alcohol, barbiturates, organophosphorus
-Hypersensitive response- Blood transfusion (may be due to fluid overload)
– Angioedema (an allergic condition producing transient or persistent swelling of areas of skin with severe itching)
-SLE
SYMPTOMS:
-Sudden onset of complaints
-Feeling of oppression in the chest
-Acute and distressing, labored breathing
-Continuous short cough and copious frothy, sometimes blood tinged fluid from the mouth and nose – Phenomena of “cough, cough, cough- spit, spit, spit”
-Sweats
-Feeble pulse
-Fall of temperature
-Termination- may be fatal in few hours; the moist sounds increasing and becoming audible at a distance (death rattle), or symptoms may persist for 12-24 hours and may disappear
DO’S AND DON’TS:
-In case of high altitude pulmonary edema, descent to a lower altitude with supportive measures is necessary
-Physical and mental rest is necessary
-Fluid intake should be monitored to prevent over hydration
-Frequent, small, bland, low caloric feeds are preferred at the onset
-Avoid smoking or alcohol intake
-Restrict salt intake
-Take adequate sleep
-Avoid intake of cytotoxic and narcotic drugs
-Avoid being in polluted places to prevent inhalation of noxious fumes and gases
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
As administration of oxygen and maintenance of airway is necessary under medical supervision
PURPURA
It is a group of disorders characterized by purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis [skin], caused by hemorrhage into the tissues.
CAUSES:
A)Unknown – Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, acute or chronic
B)Thrombocytopenic-secondary to-
1] Certain infections such as
Acute septicemias
Tuberculosis
Brucellosis [generalized infection involving primarily the reticuloendothelial
system
2] Boeck’s sarcoid [tuberculoid]
3] As an idiosyncrasy to certain drugs, particularly arsenicals, quinine, gold salts
4] X-ray therapy
5] Extensive burns
6] Aplastic anemia
7] Leukemia
8] Carcinomatosis of bone
9] Food allergy
10] Acute hemorrhage
11] After surgical removal of spleen
C). Senile purpura
D). Henoch-Schonlein purpura
E). Congenital hereditary thrombocytopenia
F). Neonatal infections
G). Maternal ingestion of drugs like thiazides
H). Giant hemangiomas
I). Deficiency of vitamin B 12 and folic acid
J). Viral infections [measles, dengue]
K). Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinaemia
L). SLE
M). Disseminated intravascular coagulation
N). Hemolytic uremic syndrome
O). Hypersplenism
P). Hypothermia
Q). Myeloproliferative disorders
R). Uremia
SYMPTOMS:
- Subserosal hemorrhages
[beneath a serous membrane]
- Hematuria [presence of blood in the urine]
- Alarming hemorrhage from a mucous lining of the body
E.g. – Bleeding from nose
- Vomiting of blood
- Passage of dark stools stained with altered blood
- Profuse menses
- The hemorrhages vary from tiny spots to large bruised areas
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
As blood transfusion may be necessary many a times
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» R
RAYNAUD’S DISEASE
It is a peripheral vascular disturbance consisting of spasmodic contraction of digital arteries, which is precipitated by cold, emotion etc.
CAUSATION:
– Disorders of connective tissue, especially systemic sclerosis.
– Obliterative arterial diseases.
– Occupations in which the hands are exposed to vibration, e.g. from pneumatic drills.
– Occasionally and from cold agglutinins and cryoglobulins.
– Commonest in young women and it is an exaggerated response to cold.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
– Disorder is usually bilateral and mostly affects the fingers than the toes.
– Tingling numbness and burning is more prominent then pain.
– Sensitivity to cold.
– Pallor of the skin if the limb is bloodless.
– Cyanosis occurs if the blood flow is sluggish and there is excessive deoxygenation.
– Redness occurs in some cases due to reactive hyperaemia which may follow the vasospasm.
– The obliteration may result in thrombosis, ischemic changes in the skin of the digits and nails, superficial necrosis and finally gangrene.
DO’S & DONT’S:
- Protection from cold.
– Stop smoking.
TREATMENT:
- Hypothermia of the digits should be dealt with.
– Primary disease should be treated.
RENAL COLIC
Renal colic is pain in right or left lower abdomen or low back due to disease in the kidney, ureter or bladder. This pain may have a radiation to the groin or thigh. This is a griping type of pain.
CAUSES:
Bladder or kidney or ureteric stones are the main reasons for Renal colic.
Disease of the kidney e.g. hydronephrosis, polycystic kidneys, tuberculosis.
Blood clot in the water or kidney or bladder.
Inflammation of ureter.
Foreign body in bladder.
Inflammation of bladder.
Infection of kidney, ureter, or bladder.
Cancer.
Some other diseases which may give similar pains like renal colic are:
Inflammation of pancreas.
Inflammations of gall bladder.
Appendicitis (right side pain).
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Pain in the abdomen either right or left lower abdomen.
Pain may radiate to the groin or thigh.
Restlessness.
Fever.
Vomiting.
Increase in frequency of micturition.
Painful urination.
Red urine.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Always consult a doctor if you experience any of the above symptoms.
Do not self medicate.
Hot pads or hot water bags over the abdomen may help to relieve pain.
Diet and fluids may be taken depending on the underlying cause.
If it is due to stones which is the most commonest cause then, Drink plenty of fluids at 3/5 litres per day. Avoid things in diet which causes stones e.g. milk, milk products, red meat, fish, liver oils, chocolate, grapes, beans, strawberries etc.
Hot water bags over abdomen help to relieve pain.
Avoid strenuous exercise which get you dehydrated.
Avoid Vitamin D supplements.
Avoid antacids.
Avoid increase salt intake.
Urinate as soon as you get a urge .
Empty your bladder after an intercourse to avoid any infection. Avoid using scented soaps of vaginal deodorants-they may give rise to infection.
Maintain a good diet to have good immune system. Practice good bathroom hygiene. Clean yourself thoroughly after using toilet.
Avoid alcohol, chocolate, tea, tomatoes citrus fruit, spicy food, vinegar, during infection they irritate the urinary tract.
RETINITIS
It is an inflammation of the retina. It is usually associated with inflammation of the choroids or the optic nerve.
AUSATIONS:
Penetrating injury
Local trauma, corneal ulcer, scleritis, herpetic infection, intraocular malignant tumor, orbital cellulites.
Allergy- bacterial, tubercular or syphilitic.
Specific causes like tuberculosis, syphilis, gonorrhoea, toxoplasmosis, viral infection.
Systemic causes like rheumatism, gout, diabetes, sarcoidosis, septicaemia, ankylosing spondylosis.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
Changes in the vision where sometimes objects appear smaller or larger in size.
Blurring of the vision.
Affected part of the retina appears hazy.
1 or 2 spots of minute haemorrhage.
The vitreous (fluid) over the lesion becomes hazy.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Specific & systemic causes should be treated under the guidance of your physician.
Local treatment to the lesion by resting the eye.
Dark glasses should be uses
For the pain relief contact your physician.
RHEUMATIC FEVER
It is a fever predominantly found in childhood and adolescence. Mostly found in Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe.
CAUSATION:
Common organisms causing the disease are Group A streptococci, and certain strains of streptococcus.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- It is often preceded by tonsillitis or pharyngitis 1 to 3 weeks before.
– Common in girls more than boys.
– Onset may be sudden with pain, swelling, and stiffness of one or more joints, fever, sweating and tachycardia.
– Sometimes it may have an insidious onset with fatigue and weight loss.
– Migrating joint pains, one joint improving as another gets affected.
– Mostly large joints are involved.
– In severe cases the joints get inflamed and effusion may develop.
– The joints return to normal once the attack is over.
– Tachycardia is out of proportion to the disease and may persist even after the disease has settled.
– Nodules which are painless, subcutaneous and not attached to the skin tend to occur over bony prominences such as elbows, knees, scapulae, occiput and vertebrae or on tendons.
– Erythema marginatum consists of transient pink patches appear mainly on the trunk which enlarge to form irregular crescents which join to form larger areas with pale centre. Margins are slightly elevated.
– Sydenham’s chorea in children. Irregular movements of the arms and legs.
– Raised ESR.
– Complications like rheumatic heart disease, pericarditis can occur.
DO’S & DONT’S:
- Rest in bed until symptoms of fever have subsided.
– Prompt treatment of upper respiratory tract infections.
TREATMENT:
Consult your physician.
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
It is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the joints mainly besides other systems as well. The condition may come and go spontaneously but if it continues it leads to joint damage and disability. It affects joints, muscles, lungs, heart, nerves, immune system, blood, eyes.
CAUSE:
Not clearly understood but it is related to immune system. Probably the bodies immune system start reacting against the body itself.
Familial or hereditary tendency is prominent with females in the age group of 20-40 years getting more affected than males . Mental stress can be a precipitating factor.
SYMPTOMS:
Initially the joint affected are mainly smaller joints. Involvement is mostly symmetrical (same joints on both sides of body)
Joint pain with swelling and stiffness, especially in the morning on waking.
General fatigue, malaise, loss of appetite, depression may be associated symptoms.
Later on there develops reduced movement of joints, joint tenderness & deformity.
Other symptoms depend on systems involved.
Lung- Breathlessness, restricted breathing.
Blood- Anaemia.
Eyes -redness, watering.
Muscles-pain.
Nerves-Numbness of hands.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Avoid stress learn to cop with it.
Maintain good health – eat a nutritious diet, exercise regularly, Prefer to have a low fat, low protein vegetarian diet. Eat plenty of salads, lightly cooked vegetables. Avoid dairy products, red meat, acid fruits like lemons, oranges, tea, coffee, alcohol, food additives. Drink raw fruit and vegetables juice.
Vitamin A, B complex, C, E, minerals- zinc and calcium will help you under medical guidance.
Keep active except if pain is very severe when rest is important. Keep your joints mobile as much as possible. Do gentle joint specific exercises or walk every day for atleast 30 minutes. Physiotherapy exercises will help in severe cases.
Start your day with slow gradual movements of joints. Heat-diathermy (UV light) and heating pad, hot bath, hot water bottle may relieve acute pain.
Swimming or water exercises in a heated pool will help you gain muscle strength.
Yoga will help you relax as well as here a beneficial effect on arthritis.
If over weight- weight reduction is necessary and will help you especially if lower back and legs are affected. Do not lift heavy weights, instead of lifting you can slide objects if kept on table.
People who here severe disease and joint deformity should use utensils and door knobs, latches which on easy for them to handle and don’t require much force or strength. Don’t feel depressed and loose hope, instead keep a strong will and learn to cope with your condition.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR.:
Your joint pain and swelling is severe.
You have other symptoms besides those of joints. Joint morning stiffness is very severe and of duration more than 30 minutes.
RINGWORM
The term Ringworm is misleading as actually no worm is involved. It is a contagious fungal infection of the skin called so due to its ring shaped appearance.
CAUSE:
Fungal injection which is contagious
Person to person contact, infected pets are the transmission routes.
SYMPTOMS:
Red scaly scaly round oval patches with normal skin in the centre.
Starts as a small red patch & grows into a ring shaped rash with
itching & scaling
Ringworm can occur any where on the body but warm , moist areas,
such as armpits, groins, beneath the breasts and feet are the
most common places
DO’S & DONT’S:
Maintain personal hygiene
Take a bath daily
Wash clothes and iron well
Keep skin dry if you perspire a lot change clothes often
Do not share clothes, bed linen, towels with other people
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
For treatment of the condition
SCABIES
It is a type of skin disease common in children but not rare in adults.
CAUSATIONS:
It happens due to mites.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
Itching initially between the fingers
Itching on the buttocks where mites can burrow.
Itching all over the body.
Burning all over the body due to scratching.
DO’S & DON’TS :
Exposure to dirty areas should be avoided.
People working in sand should take precautions.
Proper hygiene should be maintained.
To avoid deep secondary infections treatment of the disease should be at the earliest.
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SCHEZOPHRENIA
It is the illness with symptoms corresponding most closely to the popular conception of madness.
The personality becomes disintegrated & detached from the social environment. The mental life becomes split up.
CAUSATIONS:
Long standing depression.
Person with anxiety neurosis & many phobias can go into this disease.
Extreme stress.
Repeated shocks
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
> Milder signs
Unexpected rudeness
Tactlessness
Abrupt
Withdrawal from ordinary social contacts
Cardinal signs
Disorder of thinking which becomes incoherent.
Disjointed
Rambling
Incongruity of emotions
Impulsive actions
Hallucinations
Bizarre delusion
Patient is convinced that his actions are controlled by other alien power.
Other people are able to read his thoughts.
He feels that he is surrounded by hostile forces which are going to secretly harm him.
Persons feel guilty over something.
They feel that his unseen enemies are the hostile villains & he is the innocent victim.
DO’S & DON’TS:
Underlying long standing conditions should be treated.
Person if worsens should be isolated & treated.
Since these patients are vulnerable should not be allowed to get involved emotionally to which they can’t respond.
They should not be completely allowed to withdraw socially or from any practical activity.
They should be provided with work of their own for rehabilitation
SCIATICA
This pain running down the back and outside of the thigh, leg and foot is the result of the compression of the sciatic nerve at the base of the spine.
It could be due to poor posture, muscle strain, pregnancy, obesity, slipped disc and sciatic nerve inflammation.
SYMPTOMS:
Pain of sudden onset radiating through the buttock, down the back of thigh and back of leg down to the foot. The pain could be sharp or dull shooting or burning, continuous or episodic and is usually worse on bending forward. Numbness and weakness of the affected part.
CARE:
Improve your posture to prevent strain and loss of flexibilty which predispose pain.
Improve muscle tone by regular exercise.
Cut down on fats and carbohydrates.
Increase protein intake. Include Vitamin especially B complex and E in diet.
Avoid any sudden jerky movement of the back.
Do not bend but kneel to pick up things from the floor.
Sleep on a firm mattress.
Ice application to painful area may relieve the pain.
Get a massage for back and thighs done.
Consult a doctor for prolonged or severe symptoms.
SCURVY
CAUSE:
Deficiency of Vitamin C.
SYMPTOMS:
Fatigue
Easy bruising
Pigmentation on calf & legs
Spongy gums
Anaemia
Irritability
Swelling on the ribs which looks likes beads.
Recurrent infections of gums
Patches on skin
Pain & swelling of large joints
DO’S & DONT’S:
Give Vitamin C either as tablets or Orange juice, fruit juices
Do not massage the bones as you may damage them more
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR IMMEDIATELY:
If any of the above symptoms
SEBORRHEA
It means excessive secretion of sebum by the sebaceous gland.
CAUSATION:
– Vitamin B2 deficiency.
– Pellagra.
– Common during puberty.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
– The secretion is more especially by the glands besides the nose and other parts of the face.
– The glands are enlarged.
– The condition predisposes to acne.
– The condition may last for a few years at puberty.
– Complication: sometimes it is associated with eczema (seborrheic dermatitis).
DO’S & DONT’S:
- Washing the face and keeping it clean.
– Prevent secondary infection of the glands.
TREATMENT:
– Tropical applications only when advised by your physician.
SEPTICAEMIA
This term implies overwhelming bacterial proliferation & toxins in the blood.
CAUSATIONS:
Infection due to gram negative bacteria
Primary infection can be in diverticulums, urinary tract, and gall bladder. This gradually affects the organs like liver, brain, heart valves & bones.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Hypotension
. Fever
. Rigors (Shaking of the bed)
. Reduced urine output
. Loss of fluids giving rise to hypovolaemic shock
. Liver involvement
. Peripheral circulatory collapse
cold clammy sweating
Purpura
Intravascular coagulation
. Abscesses in various sites
DO’S & DON’TS:
. Treatment must be immediate since this is an acute condition
. Blood transfusions
. Intravenous fluids to arrest the shock
. Consult physician for the treatment of bacterial infections & peripheral coagulation.
SINUSITIS
It is an inflammation of the paranasal sinuses. Sinuses are air filled pockets or spaces found in the bones of the face, around the eyes and the nose.
Infection of sinuses is one of the common health care complaints in the world.
CAUSES:
Infection due to bacteria, viral, fungal.
Upper respiratory track infection.
Nasal polyps.
Allergy – Most commonest causes are animal dander, smoke & pollutants.
Climatic factors like sudden temperature changes.
Swimming in infected water.
Traveling by aeroplane during upper respiration infection.
Low immunity.
Tonsillitis – one of the commonest cause.
SYMPTOMS:
Nasal obstruction.
Post nasal drip.
Pressure behind the eyes.
Sensation of fullness of face
Mild fever and headache.
Sore throat.
All symptoms are increased by air travel.
DO’S & DONT’S:
First make sure it is sinusitis because other problems like asthma, upper respiration tract infection, tooth problems may appear like sinusitis.
If you have any of the above symptoms consult your doctor for proper treatment.
Steam inhalations is of a greater advantage then any other medicine.
Avoid cold food & cold drinks.
Avoid foods which have preservatives & are artificially coloured & flavoured.
Avoid smoking and avoid other environmental pollution if possible. Avoid swimming at unknown places where chances of contamination are more.
Avoid air travel during upper respiration infection.
Use warm compresses on you nose to help open the sinuses.
Do warm water gurgles.
Drink plenty of fluids.
People with diabetes are prone to sinusitis so keep diabetes under control with proper treatment.
Avoid contact with people who have cold or at least don’t share their towels, silverware & beverages.
Always use a handkerchief when sneezing. Wash your hands frequently as cold viruses often survive for hours in the open such as doorknobs, money & other surfaces. Regular moderate exercise helps to strengthen your immune system thus prevent colds & other infection.
Vitamin C, Vitamin A supplements are helpful. A healthy diet full of fruits, raw green vegetables help to stimulate secretions & break up sinusitis.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR:
If your condition doesn’t improve in 7 days.
Recurrent bouts of sinusitis.
If it develops into on inflammation around the eye
SPONDYLITIS
It is a condition where the nerve roots are pressed upon due to a vertebral pathology. It is common in the neck region termed cervical spondylosis. Also ankylosing spondylitis is a condition seen in young males that presents with severe backache.
SYMPTOMS:
Severe pain in the nape.
The pain goes down one or both the arms upto the fingers.
Tingling and numbness of fingers and along the arm.
CARE:
Sleep on a firm mattress.
Improve your posture. Stand and sit straight. Keep your back straight when working at a bench, table, ironing board etc.
Keep a cushion at the small of the back when sitting in a chair or while driving.
Avoid sudden jerky movements and overactivity. To lift objects from floor, kneel do not bend. Or bend at the knees and not at the waist.
Regular exercise for back muscles keep spasms at bay. Lie face down on the floor with your hands behind your back. Hollow your back by raising hand and shoulders off the floor. Count three. Lower head and shoulders. Relax while you count ten. Repeat this for about 10 times.
Massage your back once a week.
Relaxation techniques, yoga and meditation help.
A diet rich in calcium and multivitamins is recommended. In case of an attack of backache, go to bed immediately on a firm mattress and stay there for atleast 24 hours, getting up only to go to the toilet.
STEATORRHOEA
This terminology means passage of abnormally increased amounts of fat in the stool.
CAUSATION:
. Malabsorption of fats in the intestine
. Reduced amount of vitamin D in the body
. Low calcium
. Pancreatic insufficiency
. Deficiency of bile acids
. Bacterial infection of colon
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Diarrhoea
. Passage of loose, pale, bulky & offensive stools
. Stools float on the water
. Anaemia
. Sometimes oedema
DO’S & DON’TS:
. Oral rehydration with plenty of fluids
. Rest
. Diet control with less proteins & fats
. Consult doctor for the treatment.
STYE
These are small boils on the glands that lubricate eyelashes. Since they don’t affect the eye itself, eyesight is not affected.
CAUSES
Bacterial.
SYMPTOMS:
A red hot painful irritating swelling of the eyelid which comes to a head after few days and discharges pus. Itching of the eyelid.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Apply warm application at least 3-4 times a day for 10 minutes.
Wash your eyes regularly.
A diet of raw fruits, vegetables, fruits juices will increase resistance.
Do not share wash cloth or towels.
Avoid use of eye make up like mascara and eye liner and if necessary, then clean eyes thoroughly Tablets of Vitamin A and C may prevent recurrence.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR IF:
The swelling does not subside in a few weeks.
The swelling interferes with your vision.
There is recurrence of the swelling.
SUNSTROKE
It is the effect of exposure to severe heat of the sun. It is an emergency which requires immediate help.
CAUSATIONS:
It is due to exposure to heat of Sun
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Headache
. Nausea
. Visual disturbances
. Sudden unconsciousness
. Fever
. Loss of sweat
. Severe cramps in the extremities
. Skin is hot, dry &flushed.
. Pulse irregular
. Low blood pressure
. Convulsions
DO’S & DON’TS:
. Cooling by fanning or by sprinkling water on the face
. Use ice packs to bring down the temperature
. I.V. fluids given if the patient is dehydrated
. For symptomatic relief consult the physician.
. Rest till complete revival
. Lot of oral fluids given
. When one is moving in the sun cover your head & drink water at regular intervals.
SYNCOPE
It is the loss of consciousness resulting from a fall in the blood pressure. There are few types of syncope.
. Simple
. Exercise syncope
. Cough syncope
. Micturation syncope.
CAUSATIONS:
. Prolonged standing in the hot conditions
. Loss of fluid from diarrhoea.
. A frightening, unpleasant, painful experience.
. Prolonged vigorous coughing.
. Straining for urination in elderly men.
. Excessive exertion.
. Diabetes
. Adrenal insufficiency
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
. Feeling of nausea
. Failure of vision
. Ringing in the ears
. Slow pulse
. Sweating
. Tiredness
. Nocturia
. Cold clammy extremities
. Cyanosis peripheral & central.
. Clubbing of fingers if there is a cardiac involvement.
DO’S & DON’TS:
. Immediate revival of the patient is a must.
. Head low position for the patient.
. Raise the legs for proper venous drainage.
. After the revival give something sweet to eat or give a hot drink to drink.
. Rest is must.
. Treatment of the underlying cause by consulting your physician to prevent further attacks.
SYNOVITIS
It is the inflammation of the membrane that lines a joint capsule.
CAUSATION:
– Injury.
– Infection.
– Rheumatic disease.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
– Pain of the affected joint.
– Swelling of the joint.
– Redness and tenderness of the joint.
All the above cause a restricted and painful movement of the affected joints.
DO’S & DONT’S:
- Avoid injury while exercising and sports by using adequate safety gears.
TREATMENT:
– Usually depends on the underlying cause. To determine this test of the synovial fluid or membrane is done.
– Rest in bed.
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHROMATOSUS (SLE)
This is a multisystem connective tissue disease characterized by the presence of numerous auto antibodies, circulating immune complexes & immunologically determined tissue damage.
CAUSATION:
. The exact cause is unknown.
. There is a profound disturbance of immune regulation.
. Defect in suppressor T lymphocytes & activation of B lymphocytes.
. Genetic factors
occurrence in monozygotic twins
Common with other connective tissue disorder.
Increased prevalence of HLA-B8 & DR3 antigens
. Environmental factors
Provocative effect of sunlight
Induction of lupus erythromatous drugs.
Altered oestrogen levels.
Sometimes use of oral contraceptives.
Klinefelter syndrome on men.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
Joint symptoms
> Arthritis
>Arthralgia
> Fever
>. Progressive arthritis becomes poly arthritis.
> Tenosynovitis.
. Skin lesions
Photosensitive erythematous butterfly rash across the face.
Vasculitic rash
Purpura
Alopecia
. Cardiopulmonary features
>Inflammation of all the 3 layers of the heart.
>Fibrosing alveolitis
> Lupus pneumonitis
> Elevation of the diaphragm
. Renal symptoms
Proteinuria
Presence of red cast cells in the urine.
. Severe depression
. Dementia
. Hemiplegia
. Chorea
. Peripheral neuropathy.
. Cerebellar ataxia.
. Abdominal pain due to peritonitis, vasculitis, pancreatitis.
. Lymphadenopathy.
. Kerato conjunctivitis
. Episcleritis
DO’S & DON’TS:
. All the symptoms if not taken care of on the early stage can be fatal so consult your doctor immediately.
. Skin care should be taken by keeping the wound antiseptic.
» T
TENNIS ELBOW
It is the affection of the extra articular (out side the joint) affection at the extensor muscles of the forearm.
CAUSATION:
Strain of the forearm muscles at their origin from the bone.
Playing tennis.
Other activities involving the extensor muscles of the forearm.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Pain and acute tenderness at the origin of the extensor muscles of the forearm.
Sometimes the pain radiates to the back of the forearm.
Pain increases when the muscles are stretched like flexing the wrist and fingers.
DO’S AND DON’TS :
In mild cases nothing is to be done as the symptoms subside on their own.
Rest to the forearm, in plaster for 4-6 weeks.
Physiotherapy,in the form of short wave diathermy, and deep massage to the tender area
Consult an orthopedic surgeon.
TINNITUS
It is defined as noise in the ear or head and is a very common but annoying symptom.
Tinnitus can be both subjective as well as objective. In subjective tinnitus only the patient can hear the noises whereas in objective tinnitus even the doctor can hear the noises along with the patient.
CAUSATION:
Diseases of the ear.
Anaemia.
High blood pressure, or low blood pressure.
Caries of teeth or impacted wisdom tooth.
Emotional causes.
Clicking of the temporomandibular joints.
Tumors of blood vessels in the brain.
Live insects in the ear.
Contractions of the palate or muscles of the ear drum.
Sometimes no cause can be detected.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
a ringing whistling or roaring or clicking sounds can be heard by the person without any real existing cause.
The sounds may be continuous or intermittent with intervals in between of no sounds.
It may vary in intensity. It is normally more marked when the patient is emotionally disturbed or when he is alone in a quiet atmosphere or at night.
Pitch of the tinnitus can be high or low.
Tinnitus can sometimes be present along with deafness in which causes are all of deafness.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
Treating the underlying cause like deafness or the ear infection, low or high blood pressure, emotional factors etc.
Blood tests should be done for ruling out anemia.
It should be remembered that tinnitus is not dangerous as sometimes inspite of treating everything tinnitus doesn’t get treated. In such cases it should be ignored.
Masking devices can sometimes help like a radio or clock in quiet atmosphere.
Surgical correction in severe cases.
TONSILLITIS
Tonsils are a part of body’s defense mechanism and are the first line of defence to prevent respiratory infection.
Tonsils can get inflamed due to virus against which the child has not yet developed resistance and also due to bacteria like ‘streptococci’
SYMPTOMS:
Sore pain and irritation in the throat.
Redness, swelling of tonsils
Swollen and painful nodes felt in the neck
Fever and headache with the sore throat
Difficult speech and swallowing
CARE:
Do not go in for tonsil removal unless the condition is very
severe and recurrence is frequent
In case of throat pain, salt water gargles relieve soreness
Take food that you can tolerate. Try and take liquids in case
there is pain while swallowing
Drink plenty of fluids and warm drinks
Go to bed when symptoms are troublesome.
Do not self medicate
Whatever the cause, the worst of tonsillitis symptoms are over in 48 hours. If the symptoms last for more than 3 days and the sufferer starts coughing green or yellow mucus, seek medical attention.
TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA
Neuralgia is pain arising from an irritated or damaged nerve and is felt in the part of the body served by the nerve, not necessarily at the site of the problem. The pressure on the nerve could be due to injury to bone or connective tissue or to a blood vessel supplying the nerve.
SYMPTOMS:
In trigeminal neuralgia, inflammation of the trigeminal nerve, which is a carrier of sensations and enters the skull near the ears, produces a sudden, sharp, shooting pain on one side of the face.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
A diet rich in Vitamin B and E is a must. Supplements of Vitamin B6 and B complex and E help in regeneration of nerves. Body-work therapies help adjust body posture and movements and help prevent future attacks.
TROPICAL SPRUE
Tropical sprue is a malabsorption disorder, which affects people in the tropical climate regions.
CAUSATION:
Deficiency of any nutrients.
From transmission of any infection from a bacteria.
Toxins from bacteria via food.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Loss of appeteite.
Diarrhoea.
Weight loss.
Weakness and signs of anemia like pallor.
Distension of abdomen.
Most of the patients also have deficiency of vitaminB12 along with Iron deficiency.
DO’S AND DONT’S:
Intake of proper nutrients is essential.
Hygiene should be maintained at all costs.
Consumption of contaminated food should be avoided and prevented.
Correction of deficiencies like that of iron, vitaminB12.
TYPHOID
This is an infectious disease caused by bacteria. Man is the only known carrier of these infecting organisms which are excreted in the faeces and urine of the infected person.
CAUSE:
Salmonella typhoid (bacteria)
Poor any hygiene facilitates the spread e.g. mixing of drinking water with sewage water.
Flies carry the infecting organisms to uncovered food.
Predominantly seen in the rainy season.
SYMPTOMS:
Slow onset of headache, prolonged fever, prostration, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pains diarrhoea/constipation. Red spots called rose spots can occur on upper abdomen, back and chest during first or second week.
DO’S & DONT’S:
Don’t eat uncovered food from hawkers.
Complete bed rest.
Semisolid diet initially and later on switch to high calorie diet.
Servants cooking or working at home should also be made to wash their hands before they handle any eatables after going to toilet.
Do not eat in restaurants where kitchen hygiene is poor. Keeping patients family members safe i.e. avoiding any transmission through utensils, linen and excreta. Keep food covered to prevent flies form infecting the food.
Improve personal hygiene. Wash hands after toilet. Adequate water protection is very important. Boil the water and avoid tap water.
Pasteurize milk and wash salad/raw vegetables, unpeeled fruits thoroughly in clean water, before eating.
Consult your doctor
For the above mentioned symptoms so that a proper diagnosis is
made and treatment started.
Also for vaccination before traveling to an endemic area.
» U
UCERATIVE COLITIS
This is an inflammation of the large intestine, which results in ulceration and causes diarrhoea and bloody stools.
CAUSATION:
Exact cause is not known.
It is thought to be linked to autoimmune diseases.
Is linked with emotional stress.
Hereditary.
Maybe due to allergy to milk
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
More seen in women than men in 2nd, 3rd and 4th decade.
Watery stools 10-12 times in the daytime as well as night.
Discharge of mucus from the anus along with the stools.
Bloody stools mixed with pus sometimes.
Distension of the abdomen.
Pain in the abdomen before and during the stools.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
X-ray and sigmoidoscopy , are essential in the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis.
Adequate fluids should be consumed to prevent dehydration from l loose motions.
High protein, carbohydrate and vitamin diet is a must along with a low fat intake.
Iron replenishment is needed to take care of the blood loss.
Prolonged use of steroids should be avoided, as it can be dangerous.
URETHRITIS
Urethritis means inflammation of the urethra. It can be of a specific nature or can be due to many other nonspecific reasons.
CAUSATION:
SPECIFIC URETHRITIS:
Gonorrhea (sexually transmitted disease) is the most common cause of urethritis both in males as well as in females.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
In Males: a) Discomfort during urination along with a scalding kind of pain in the urethra.
A watery discharge from the urethra, which later becomes yellow and postural.
In chronic cases the discharge is very mild and occurs as a stain on the underclothes in the morning. In some cases there may be no symptoms at all.
In Females:_1) In females it is very difficult to diagnose gonorrhea as it is most of the times symptom less and a woman tends to undertake treatment only after gonorrhea has been diagnosed in her male partner.
In some cases the woman complains of mild pain in the urethra while urinating or a very mild urethral discharge, which often goes unnoticed.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
Avoidance of multiple sexual partners.
Use of barrier method of contraceptives.
Avoid visiting sexual workers.
Any kind of urethra discharge shouldn’t be ignored but tested immediately and promptly treated.
If gonorrhoea is diagnosed in any of the partner, the counter partner also should be investigated and treated without fail.
Blood examination and smear of the discharge along with a urine examination should be done.
NONSPECIFIC URETHRITIS.
CAUSATION:
Trauma to the urethra.
accidents.
Injury while passing a catheter.
deliberately inserted foreign bodies in the urethra.
urinary stones.
gout( accumulation of uric acid)
passing of urine containing oxalic acid.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Pain in the urethra .
urging and frequency of urination
discharge from the urethra which is mucoid or containing pus.
In women the infection can spread to the pelvis and can cause inflammation of the cervix of the uterus.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
culture of the urine and discharge along with a smear examination of the discharge.
The investigations need to be repeated three times and should be negative all three times to confirm that it has been completely cured after treatment.
treatment of underlying diseases like gout, urinary stones etc.
URINARY CALCULI
Urinary calculi (Stones) can be various types and due to various reasons. The treatment remains the same with some minor variations, depending upon the type of stone.
The different types of stones are:
Calcium, Phosphorus, Uric Acid, Cystene & Xanthene
THE CAUSES CAN BE:
Hereditary tendency
Hot climate & Dehydration
Working in hot environment
Decreased intake of water
Diet high in calcium, oxalates
Excess of vitamins D and C
Deficiency of Vitamin B6 and Magnesium
Chronic use of Calcium antacids
High animal protein diet
Sedentary lifestyle.
Certain kidney diseases &
Gout
SYMPTOMS:
Pain in the abdomen from back to groin or legs of a sudden onset.
Restlessness
Nausea with or without vomiting.
Fever
Red urine
Pus in urine
Painful urination
Hard Abdomen
Increased pulse
DO’S & DONT’S:
Fluids
During an attack of renal colic there is a tremendous enthusiasm for fluids and diet, which usually wanes. Calculus formation is a gradual process extending over a long period of time and once a tendency to stone formation has developed it will persist throughout life. Vigilance with fluid intake and diet is needed indefinitely.
The fundamental principle in the treatment of urinary calculi is to supply adequate fluids like water, coconut and barley water, sherbet, aerated water, fruit juice and weak tea in order to ensure the passage of over 2000 ml (70 oz) of urine per day. A heavy manual worker in a hot humid climate, to compensate for the fluid loss through perspiration, should drink more fluids than a sedentary office worker in a cooler climate. A dilute urine avoids concentration of solids and also tends to make the urine neutral, thus preventing the strong acid or alkaline reaction which predisposes to precipitation of crystals. The simplest guide to the patient is to tell him to drink enough fluids to see that the urine is light in colour.
FOODS:
Although the role of diet in the formation of urinary stones is not well established, it is advisable to restrict foods which are rich in calcium, oxalate or uric acid, according to the type of stone formed. Thus, a person who has passed a calcium oxalate stone should avoid a diet rich in calcium and oxalate. If he cannot resist the temptation to eat strawberries or tomatoes occasionally, then he should drink additional water for the next day or two. It is also claimed that milk or cheese, if taken with food rich in oxalate, lead to the precipitation of non absorbable calcium oxalate in the intestine.
VITAMINS:
Vitamin A may be helpful in a person deficient in it.
PREVENTION OF CALCULI:
Urinary calculi may be due to hereditary metabolic defect and the exact role of diet is not settled. Yet people with a history to stone formation in a blood relation or those who have had renal colic can probably diminish their chances of calculus formation by the following measures:
By drinking enough fluid to excrete 2000ml (70 oz) of urine a day. During hot humid weather with excessive sweating, extra fluids must be taken.
As calcium oxalate is the commonest constituent of stones, by restricting foods in oxalates as listed in TABLE.
By seeking prompt and adequate treatment for any urinary infection.
By moving as much as possible if confined to bed.
FOODS RICH IN OXALATE:
Beef
Chickoo
Chocolates
Cocoa
Custard apple
Khush Khush
Rhubarb
Spinach
Strawberries
Tea
Tomatoes
URIC ACID
Fish, herring
Fish roe
Salmon
Sardine
Kidney
Liver
Meat extract
Soups
Sweetbread
Cheese
Paneer
Brinjal
CALCIUM:
Beans
Cauliflower
Egg yolk
Figs
Milk and milk products
(butter and ghee need not be restricted)
Molasses
Potatoes
Cheese
Paneer
During an acute attack of Renal Colic:
i) Do not panic
ii) If the pain is on left side, take Berberis-Vulgaris M.T., 3 drops every 10 minutes with little water till your doctor sees you.
iii) If the pain is on the right side, take Ocimum-Canum M.T., 3 drops every 10 minutes with little water till your doctor sees you. v) Drink only liquids, no solid food.
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR IMMEDIATELY:
If you notice blood in urine or pus in urine.
In case you think you have kidney stone for medical evaluation.
URINARY RETENTION.
Stagnation of urine in the bladder for prolonged interval is called retention of urine.
CAUSATION:
In Males:
Enlarged prostate
Stricture(kind of obstruction)of the urethra.
Retention after an operation.
Ulcer of the urethral opening with scab formation on it.
In Females:_
Diseases like multiple sclerosis.
Hysteria.
Other causes:
injury to the spinal cord.
Impaction of stools
Rupture of urethra.
blood clot in the urethra
after spinal anesthesia in operations.
stones in the urethra.
effect of drugs.
weakness of muscles because of advanced age.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
no passage of urine for some hours and thereafter is not able to pass urine on his own.
Swelling appears in the lower abdominal area from a distended bladder
Pain and tenderness in the lower abdomen.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
NEVER ATTEMPT TO RELEIVE THE RETENTION FORCIBLY
Hot fomentations can be applied on the lower abdomen which helps in passage of urine in many acute cases.
Immediate help from a doctor should be sought and many times hospitalization is needed.
URTICARIA
It is the appearance of a rash all over the body, which is allergic in nature.
CAUSATION:
Exposure to animals, or fungus.
Inhalation of spores, animal danders, pollens.
Physical stimuli like cold, solar rays, exercise, and mechanical irritation.
Increased allergic sensitivity to anything can give rise to urticaria.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Eruptions on the skin of red raised patches, which are transient i.e. come and go with exposure of allergen
Itching which is persistent and irritating.
Burning in the raised patches.
Urticaria is very frequently associated with Angioedema
DO’S AND DON’TS:
Identification of the allergic factor
Application of soothening agents to alleviate the itching and burning.
» V
VAGINISMUS
This is a condition in which there is spasmodic contraction of the pelvic muscles along with the gluteal muscles and thigh muscles due to which patient arches with pain.
CAUSATION:
Poor sexual education, wrong upbringing,
Narrow vaginal opening in newly married girls, tight hymen, vaginal infections
Husband wife incompatibility, psychological factors
Orthopedic causes.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
pain during intercourse or during a pelvic examination.
Contraction of all pelvic muscles, which prevents examination or penetration of the penis during intercourse.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
Proper sexual education, and upbringing
Treatment of infections responsible for the spasm
Psychological counseling to both husband and wife is needed in psychogenic cases.
Application of lubricants in case of narrow openings or tranquilizers can be given in nervous cases before examination or intercourse.
VARICOCOELE
Varicocoele is the varicosity of the testicular veins.
CAUSATION:
Obstruction of the veins by an artery or by a tumor.
Early adulthood or teens
Hot climate
Exposure of the testis to chronic heat e.g. in truck drivers etc.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
symptoms can be entirely absent
Dragging pain along the affected side
The affected side of the scrotum hangs lower than the normal side.
Infertility maybe the reason behind diagnosis of varicoele.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
Avoidance of exposure of testis to too much or chronic heat.
Operation of the varicocoele.
VARICOSE VEINS
Varicose veins are veins, which are enlarged; tortuous and dilated They are mainly seen in the lower limbs but can appear in the esophagus, scrotum, and rectum also.
CAUSATION:
Absence or weakness of valves in the lower limb veins which normally prevent the back flow of blood.
Pregnancy
Tumors
Hormonal factor esp. in females
Fistula between the artery and veins
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Tired and aching feeling in the whole of lower limb esp. in the calves at the end of the day.
Sometimes patient complains of severe pain in the thighs which have much dilated veins.
The ankles may swell towards the evening.
Itching of the skin over the varicosity.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
use of stockings or stockinets or elasto crepe bandages to support the veins
Elevation of legs with the help of pillows under the legs while lying down at night for sometime everyday to reduce the stagnation.
Operation of the affected vein in severe cases.
VERTIGO
It is feeling or experience of spinning of the self or the environment.
CAUSATION:
Infection of the ear
Trauma to the head
New or incorrect spectacles
Inflammation of blood vessels
Involvement of nerves.
Toxic affections from use of drugs or alcohol
Fear or anxiety as in crowds or open places
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
– experience of a feeling of spinning of self or of the environment.
. Loss of balance sensation
. Nausea
. Noises in the ears
. Associated deafness.
. Positional vertigo occurs when the person suddenly moves his head from one side to the other or gets up from a lying down position.
. Vertigo can arise even during traveling in cars or vehicles, which is called motion sickness.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
Avoid turning of head suddenly to prevent positional vertigo
Identifying the cause whether related to ear brain nerves or blood vessels or eyes, by check up of the respective organs.
Treatment of the ear infections
Incase of vertigo due to brain trauma or nerve involvement, treatment of the same.
Measures to allay anxiety and other psychological disorders.
Low salt diet can be effective in vertigo due to Menier’s disease.
VITILIGO
Vitiligo is a skin condition in which there is progressive loss of pigmentation or coloring of the skin.
CAUSATION:
It is an acquired autoimmune disorder which happens due to destruction of melanocytes thereby causing loss of pigmentation.
It is associated with other autoimmune disorders like hypothyroidism, Addison’s disease, uveitis, alopecia areata, and pernicious anemia.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Symmetric areas of pigment loss in areas around mouth nose eyes nipples anus umbilicus wrists, and lower limbs.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
1) identification of underlying diseases and treatment of the same.
VOLVULUS
It is a condition wherein a portion of the alimentary system rotates around its own axis creating torsion and it can be an emergency condition.
The torsion can occur of the small intestine, of the caecum, of the colon,, or two parts of intestines.
CAUSATION:
Consumption of a large meal of maize and vegetables may predispose the condition.
Laxity of the intestine
Adhesions around the intestine
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Acute and severe abdominal pain mainly coming on while straining for stools,Nausea and vomiting accompany the pain.Hiccough and retching also are associated symptoms.
Distension of the abdomen.
Absolute constipation, with no passage of either faeces or gas.
Enema may return blood stained.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
This is an emergency and if immediate hospitalization is n not done can result in a life threatening situation.
Large meals should be avoided as a preventive measure.
VOMITTING
It is forceful bringing out of the stomach contents. It is very commonly associated with nausea and retching i.e. rhythmic contractions of respiratory and abdominal muscles.
CAUSATION:
Acute abdominal conditions like acute appendicitis, acute cholecystitis, intestinal obstruction or acute peritonitis
Chronic indigestion
Peptic ulcer
Decreased motility of stomach due to diabetes or other conditions
Viral bacterial and parasitic conditions of the alimentary tract.
Disorders of central nervous system like brain tumors, meningitis, and hydrocephalus.
Vomiting can be an associated symptom with vertigo and other ear infections like Meniers disease.
Motion sickness
Heart conditions like heart failure or myocardial infarction., hypertension.
Terminally ill patients of cancer.
Diseases like uremia, diabetic ketoacidosis,hypo or hyperthyroidism
Vomiting of pregnancy.
Side effects of many drugs and chemicals
Toxic effects of ingested substances or food poisoning.
Migrainous headaches or reactionary vomiting to any severe pain which is intolerable
Psychological causes like any kind of emotional disturbances acute anxiety, fear, anorexia nervosa or bulimia.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
vomiting is invariably accompanied by nausea. And patient brings out all the contents from the stomach with force.
The kind of vomit generally acts as guide to the underlying cause e.g.- projectile in meningitis. Early morning in pregnancy, or association of symptoms of other diseases.
VULVITIS
Inflammation Of the vulva is called vulvitis.
CAUSATION:
_
Infections- gonococcal, sebaceous cyst, wounds of the perineum after childbirth, or operation, fungal infections. Tuberculosis, leprosy,
Filariases, venereal disease like syphilis are other infections
Diabetes.
Skin infections like eczema, psoriasis, scabies etc.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Intense vulval itching pain, burning.
Redness swelling of he vulva and tenderness on touching the parts.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
blood sugar levels to detect diabetes if present.
Blood examination for ruling out underlying diseases like filariasis, tuberculosis.
VDrl tests for ruling out any kind of venereal diseases.
Examination of vulval discharge for diagnosis of fungal infection
Hygiene of private parts is an important factor in preventing infections of the vulva. E.g.- washing of parts cleanly after urination, stools and sexual intercourse.
Control of blood sugar by maintaining a fat and sugar free diet in diabetics.
Application of smoothening agents to the itching parts.
Treatment of underlying diseases.
» W
WARTS
These are viral infections of the skin or mucous membranes
CAUSATION:
They are caused by viruses – human papillomavirus.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Fleshes colored to brown colored swellings are the commonest warts, which are seen on the hands. Other kinds of swellings can arise on plantar surfaces and their growth is inwards into the skin. They are also very painful, flat warts occur on the face neck chest and forearms and legs.
Some warts occur on genital regions and anal region. Occasionally warts can produce itching and burning but most of the times they are symptom less.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
Warts pose more of a cosmetic problem hence can be removed surgically or left alone.
Handling of the warts is not advisable.
Proper contraceptive measures like barrier methods should be used in order to prevent genital infections of warts.
WATER BRASH
It is regurgitation of salty fluid from the esophagus into the oral cavity. It is also called as heartburn.
CAUSATION:
it occurs due to abnormal functioning of the esophagus
Distension of the esophagus.
Irritation of the esophagus
All above conditions are more or less occurs after a large meal, when the person lies in a supine position or while bending or stooping.
Ingestion of citrus fruits or after drugs like aspirin and alcohol
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
person experiences regurgitation of a salty fluid in his mouth particularly after a large meal.
Warmth or burning along with the fluid felt in the chest or in the upper part of the stomach
Passage of gas or belching is also an accompanying symptom.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
A
avoid taking large meals at a time. Instead divide meals in to smaller quantities and small intervals.
Maintain a gap of at least two hours between your meal and sleep.
Avoid lying down or bending or stooping immediately after a meal.
Avoid intake of too spicy food., or citrus fruits
Avoid consumption of drugs, which cause heartburn.
Treatment of heartburn by usage of antacids or alkalinisers, like milk.
WHOOPING COUGH
It is also called pertussis is an acute infection of the respiratory tract. The name whooping cough is given due to the characteristic whoop, which follows the intense bout of cough.
CAUSATION:
It is caused by bacteria bordetella pertussis, and is a highly infectious disease mainly seen in infants and children though it can happen to adults too.
Non-vaccination against pertussis in infants and adults is the main cause of infection.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
It starts like any other respiratory infection with sneezing nasal discharge, redness of eyes, mild cough and low grade fever.
Cough gradually increases becoming persistent and in long bouts of 5 – 20 in a span of few seconds. They are more at night.
Difficulty in breathing
Congestion of neck veins, eyes, blueness of nails and face, bulging of eyes and protrusion of eyes during an attack of cough.
Pneumonia and ear infection can arise as complications.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
Blood examination
Strict hospitalization for infants with isolation is a must.
Prevention can be done by avoiding contact with the affected person
Vaccination against the disease is mandatory.
WORMS
It is the invasion of the human system by organisms, which make a dwelling in the intestines causing irritating to sometimes-serious symptoms.
The common worm infections that take place in humans are hookworms, roundworms; tapeworms thread worms, whip worms and giardiasis. Filariasis is another worm infection, which dwells in tissues.
CAUSES:
filariasis results from a mosquito bite.
The other worm infections mostly result from eating faecal contaminated food or infected beef.
Sometimes worms gain entry into the body via the skin mainly of feet, which may come in contact with faecal contaminated soil.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Itching of skin at the point of entry with swelling and a generalized rash.
Abdominal pain with gurgling and abdominal distension.
Diarrhea or foul smelling stools. Sometimes stools maybe mixed with blood and mucus.
Loss of appetite or ravenous appetite with loss of weight.
Itching of the anus or vulva in girls.
Involuntary urination or bedwetting.
Passage of worms in stools.
Dry irritating cough which can be associated with difficulty in breathing and sometimes resulting in pneumonia.
Desire to eat mud.
Anemia.
Fever with swelling of feet in filariasis.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
stool examination for presence of worms or their eggs..
Treatment of specific worms and correction of anemia.
Maintaining hygiene like frequent washing of hands, especially after stools
and before eating.
Avoid eating contaminated food and water.
Avoid walking barefooted in soil.
Prevention from mosquitoes.
XANTHOMA’S
This is a clinical condition where in single or multiple small yellow colored swellings appear on the skin surface of the tendons , palmer and plantar surface, on the buttocks and other pressure sensitive areas.
CAUSATION:
Increased levels of triglycerides and cholesterol.
Diabetes
Hyperthyroidism
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
The signs and symptoms are because of increased cholesterol, and patient can have any kind of symptoms ranging severe spasmodic pains from myocardial infarction, strokes to gangrene of lower limbs.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
Blood sugar levels need to be checked
Lipid profile to detect the cholesterol and triglyceride levels
Control of diabetes
Control of obesity
Fat free diet
Treatment of thyroid problems
Maintenance of physical fitness by regular exercise
cessation of alcohol and smoking
treatment decrease the increased levels of cholesterol and triglycerides.
» X
XEROPTHALMIA
This is a condition of the eye, which develops due to deficiency of vitamin A.
CAUSATION:
Reduced intake and absorption of vitamin A .
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Night blindness- person is completely unable to see any objects in the dark or in dim light.
Eye becomes dry and lusterless. Spots (Bitot’s spots ) appear on the conjunctiva of the eye.
Corneal ulcers can also develop in the late stages.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
Treatment of existing deficiency of vitamin A.
Proper intake of vitamin rich foods like carrots, green leafy vegetable, mangoes etc.
Prophylactic dose of vitamin A. should be given to all children below 5 years every 6 months.
» Y
YELLOW FEVER
This is an acute infectious disease caused by flavi virus and is characterized by jaundice, bleeding, and albumin in urine. It lasts for a short time, has a variable severity but is followed by a life long immunity.
CAUSATION:
It results from two cycles of virus transmission
Human mosquito human cycle_ caused by Aedes aegypti mosquito.
Sylvatic cycle where mosquitoes cause transmission in primates
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
In mild yellow fever only a mild fever and headache maybe the presenting symptoms There maybe accompanying symptoms like nausea and relative slow pulse and bleeding from the nose. The mild infection may resemble influenza except for the nasal discharge.
Moderate and malignant yellow fever has three periods 1) period of infection – fever headache dizziness headache is immediately followed by pains in the neck back and legs , nausea vomiting and flushed face .The tongue is furred with bright red margins and tip and there maybe bleeding from the nose and gums. Young children may have convulsions along with fever.
Period of remission lasts from the third day of the illness to several hours to days.
Period of intoxication_ the fever returns pulse is slow bleeding from gums and stools and uterus increase. black colored vomit is very common in this stage and urine shows albumin
Coma occurs in malignant infections followed by agitation delirium and death.
DO’S AND DON’TS:
Blood examination
Elisa test
Effective measures to control mosquitoes.
Immunization against the disease.
» Z
ZOLLINGER ELLISON SYNDROME
Definition:_ This disease was named after, Zollinger and Ellison and consists of upper gastrointestinal ulcers, increase in the gastric acid secretion, and non beta islet cell tumors of the pancreas.
CAUSATION:
It was found that the islet cells of pancreas contained large amounts of gastrin, which were released into the circulation. As this gastrin was released by the tumors, these tumors are called gastrinomas. Pancreatic gastrinomas are normally located in the head of the pancreas but have been rarely seen in other areas as, wall of duodenum, spleen, and occasionally in the stomach.
Most of the gastrinomas are cancerous and spread slowly.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
The commonest presentation is of ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract and in the early stages it can be mistaken for peptic ulcer.
Diarrhea
Steatorrhoea_ presence of fats in the stools
Vitamin B12 malabsorption.
Investigations:
X ray shows large mucosal folds of the stomach, and intestines
CT scan
Increased levels of fasting serum gastrin levels by radioimmunoassay, greater than 200 pg/ml.
Secretin injection test is the most valuable test in diagnosing gastrinomas.
TREATMENT:
Medical and surgical treatment is of only little value in the treatment of this disorder as there recurrence is high.
DO’S AND DON’TS:Once the disease is diagnosed regular follow ups on long term duration are essential .
